The Constitution of Japan, 1947
Promulgated on November 3, 1946
Came into effect on May 3, 1947
The Constitution of
Japan.
Promulgated on November 3, 1946
Came into effect on May 3, 1947
We, the Japanese people, acting through our duly elected
representatives in the National Diet, determined that we shall secure
for ourselves and our posterity the fruits of peaceful cooperation with
all nations and the blessings of liberty throughout this land, and
resolved that never again shall we be visited with the horrors of war
through the action of government, do proclaim that sovereign power
resides with the people and do firmly establish this Constitution.
Government is a sacred trust of the people, the authority for which is
derived from the people, the powers of which are exercised by the
representatives of the people, and the benefits of which are enjoyed by
the people. This is a universal principle of mankind upon which this
Constitution is founded. We reject and revoke all constitutions, laws,
ordinances, and rescripts in conflict herewith.
We, the Japanese people, desire peace for all time and are deeply
conscious of the high ideals controlling human relationship, and we
have determined to preserve our security and existence, trusting in the
justice and faith of the peace-loving peoples of the world. We desire
to occupy an honored place in an international society striving for the
preservation of peace, and the banishment of tyranny and slavery,
oppression and intolerance for all time from the earth. We recognize
that all peoples of the world have the right to live in peace, free
from fear and want.
We believe that no nation is responsible to itself alone, but that laws
of political morality are universal; and that obedience to such laws is
incumbent upon all nations who would sustain their own sovereignty and
justify their sovereign relationship with other nations.
We, the Japanese people, pledge our national honor to accomplish these
high ideals and purposes with all our resources.
CHAPTER I
THE EMPEROR
Article 1. The Emperor shall be the symbol of the
State and of the unity of the People, deriving his position from the
will of the people with whom resides sovereign power.
Article 2. The Imperial Throne shall be dynastic and
succeeded to in accordance with the Imperial House Law passed by the
Diet.
Article 3. The advice and approval of the Cabinet
shall be required for all acts of the Emperor in matters of state, and
the Cabinet shall be responsible therefor.
Article 4. The Emperor shall perform only such acts
in matters of state as are provided for in this Constitution and he
shall not have powers related to government.
The Emperor may delegate the performance of his acts in matters of
state as may be provided by law.
Article 5. When, in accordance with the Imperial
House Law, a Regency is established, the Regent shall perform his acts
in matters of state in the Emperor's name. In this case, paragraph one
of the preceding article will be applicable.
Article 6. The Emperor shall appoint the Prime
Minister as designated by the Diet.
The Emperor shall appoint the Chief Judge of the Supreme Court as
designated by the Cabinet.
Article 7. The Emperor, with the advice and approval
of the Cabinet, shall perform the following acts in matters of state on
behalf of the people:
Promulgation of amendments of the constitution,
laws, cabinet orders and treaties.
Convocation of the Diet.
Dissolution of the House of Representatives.
Proclamation of general election of members of the
Diet.
Attestation of the appointment and dismissal of
Ministers of State and other officials as provided for by law, and of
full powers and credentials of Ambassadors and Ministers.
Attestation of general and special amnesty,
commutation of punishment, reprieve, and restoration of rights.
Awarding of honors.
Attestation of instruments of ratification and other
diplomatic documents as provided for by law.
Receiving foreign ambassadors and ministers.
Performance of ceremonial functions.
Article 8. No property can be given to, or received
by, the Imperial House, nor can any gifts be made therefrom, without
the authorization of the Diet.
CHAPTER II
RENUNCIATION OF WAR
Article 9. Aspiring sincerely to an international
peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce
war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force
as means of settling international disputes.
In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea,
and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be
maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be
recognized.
CHAPTER III
RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE PEOPLE
Article 10. The conditions necessary for being a
Japanese national shall be determined by law.
Article 11. The people shall not be prevented from
enjoying any of the fundamental human rights. These fundamental human
rights guaranteed to the people by this Constitution shall be conferred
upon the people of this and future generations as eternal and inviolate
rights.
Article 12. The freedoms and rights guaranteed to the
people by this Constitution shall be maintained by the constant
endeavor of the people, who shall refrain from any abuse of these
freedoms and rights and shall always be responsible for utilizing them
for the public welfare.
Article 13. All of the people shall be respected as
individuals. Their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
shall, to the extent that it does not interfere with the public
welfare, be the supreme consideration in legislation and in other
governmental affairs.
Article 14. All of the people are equal under the law
and there shall be no discrimination in political, economic or social
relations because of race, creed, sex, social status or family origin.
Peers and peerage shall not be recognized.
No privilege shall accompany any award of honor, decoration or any
distinction, nor shall any such award be valid beyond the lifetime of
the individual who now holds or hereafter may receive it.
Article 15. The people have the inalienable right to
choose their public officials and to dismiss them.
All public officials are servants of the whole community and not of any
group thereof.
Universal adult suffrage is guaranteed with regard to the election of
public officials.
In all elections, secrecy of the ballot shall not be violated. A voter
shall not be answerable, publicly or privately, for the choice he has
made.
Article 16. Every person shall have the right of peaceful petition for
the redress of damage, for the removal of public officials, for the
enactment, repeal or amendment of laws, ordinances or regulations and
for other matters; nor shall any person be in any way discriminated
against for sponsoring such a petition.
Article 17. Every person may sue for redress as provided by law from
the State or a public entity, in case he has suffered damage through
illegal act of any public official.
Article 18. No person shall be held in bondage of any kind. Involuntary
servitude, except as punishment for crime, is prohibited.
Article 19. Freedom of thought and conscience shall not be violated.
Article 20. Freedom of religion is guaranteed to all. No religious
organization shall receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise
any political authority.
No person shall be compelled to take part in any religious act,
celebration, rite or practice.
The State and its organs shall refrain from religious education or any
other religious activity.
Article 21. Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech,
press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed.
No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means
of communication be violated.
Article 22. Every person shall have freedom to choose and change his
residence and to choose his occupation to the extent that it does not
interfere with the public welfare.
Freedom of all persons to move to a foreign country and to divest
themselves of their nationality shall be inviolate.
Article 23. Academic freedom is guaranteed.
Article 24. Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both
sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the
equal rights of husband and wife as a basis.
With regard to choice of spouse, property rights, inheritance, choice
of domicile, divorce and other matters pertaining to marriage and the
family, laws shall be enacted from the standpoint of individual dignity
and the essential equality of the sexes.
Article 25. All people shall have the right to maintain the minimum
standards of wholesome and cultured living.
In all spheres of life, the State shall use its endeavors for the
promotion and extension of social welfare and security, and of public
health.
Article 26. All people shall have the right to receive an equal
education correspondent to their ability, as provided by law.
All people shall be obligated to have all boys and girls under their
protection receive ordinary education as provided for by law. Such
compulsory education shall be free.
Article 27. All people shall have the right and the obligation to work.
Standards for wages, hours, rest and other working conditions shall be
fixed by law.
Children shall not be exploited.
Article 28. The right of workers to organize and to bargain and act
collectively is guaranteed.
Article 29. The right to own or to hold property is inviolable.
Property rights shall be defined by law, in conformity with the public
welfare.
Private property may be taken for public use upon just compensation
therefor.
Article 30. The people shall be liable to taxation as provided by law.
Article 31. No person shall be deprived of life or liberty, nor shall
any other criminal penalty be imposed, except according to procedure
established by law.
Article 32. No person shall be denied the right of access to the courts.
Article 33. No person shall be apprehended except upon warrant issued
by a competent judicial officer which specifies the offense with which
the person is charged, unless he is apprehended, the offense being
committed.
Article 34. No person shall be arrested or detained without being at
once informed of the charges against him or without the immediate
privilege of counsel; nor shall he be detained without adequate cause;
and upon demand of any person such cause must be immediately shown in
open court in his presence and the presence of his counsel.
Article 35. The right of all persons to be secure in their homes,
papers and effects against entries, searches and seizures shall not be
impaired except upon warrant issued for adequate cause and particularly
describing the place to be searched and things to be seized, or except
as provided by Article 33.
Each search or seizure shall be made upon separate warrant issued by a
competent judicial officer.
Article 36. The infliction of torture by any public officer and cruel
punishments are absolutely forbidden.
Article 37. In all criminal cases the accused shall enjoy the right to
a speedy and public trial by an impartial tribunal.
He shall be permitted full opportunity to examine all witnesses, and he
shall have the right of compulsory process for obtaining witnesses on
his behalf at public expense.
At all times the accused shall have the assistance of competent counsel
who shall, if the accused is unable to secure the same by his own
efforts, be assigned to his use by the State.
Article 38. No person shall be compelled to testify against himself.
Confession made under compulsion, torture or threat, or after prolonged
arrest or detention shall not be admitted in evidence.
No person shall be convicted or punished in cases where the only proof
against him is his own confession.
Article 39. No person shall be held criminally liable for an act which
was lawful at the time it was committed, or of which he has been
acquitted, nor shall he be placed in double jeopardy.
Article 40. Any person, in case he is acquitted after he has been
arrested or detained, may sue the State for redress as provided by law.
CHAPTER IV
THE DIET
Article 41. The Diet shall be the highest organ of state power, and
shall be the sole law-making organ of the State.
Article 42. The Diet shall consist of two Houses, namely the House of
Representatives and the House of Councillors.
Article 43. Both Houses shall consist of elected members,
representative of all the people.
The number of the members of each House shall be fixed by law.
Article 44. The qualifications of members of both Houses and their
electors shall be fixed by law. However, there shall be no
discrimination because of race, creed, sex, social status, family
origin, education, property or income.
Article 45. The term of office of members of the House of
Representatives shall be four years. However, the term shall be
terminated before the full term is up in case the House of
Representatives is dissolved.
Article 46. The term of office of members of the House of Councillors
shall be six years, and election for half the members shall take place
every three years.
Article 47. Electoral districts, method of voting and other matters
pertaining to the method of election of members of both Houses shall be
fixed by law.
Article 48. No person shall be permitted to be a member of both Houses
simultaneously.
Article 49. Members of both Houses shall receive appropriate annual
payment from the national treasury in accordance with law.
Article 50. Except in cases provided by law, members of both Houses
shall be exempt from apprehension while the Diet is in session, and any
members apprehended before the opening of the session shall be freed
during the term of the session upon demand of the House.
Article 51. Members of both Houses shall not be held liable outside the
House for speeches, debates or votes cast inside the House.
Article 52. An ordinary session of the Diet shall be convoked once per
year.
Article 53. The Cabinet may determine to convoke extraordinary sessions
of the Diet. When a quarter or more of the total members of either
House makes the demand, the Cabinet must determine on such convocation.
Article 54. When the House of Representatives is dissolved, there must
be a general election of members of the House of Representatives within
forty (40) days from the date of dissolution, and the Diet must be
convoked within thirty (30) days from the date of the election.
When the House of Representatives is dissolved, the House of
Councillors is closed at the same time. However, the Cabinet may in
time of national emergency convoke the House of Councillors in
emergency session.
Measures taken at such session as mentioned in the proviso of the
preceding paragraph shall be provisional and shall become null and void
unless agreed to by the House of Representatives within a period of ten
(10) days after the opening of the next session of the Diet.
Article 55. Each House shall judge disputes related to qualifications
of its members. However, in order to deny a seat to any member, it is
necessary to pass a resolution by a majority of two-thirds or more of
the members present.
Article 56. Business cannot be transacted in either House unless
one-third or more of total membership is present.
All matters shall be decided, in each House, by a majority of those
present, except as elsewhere provided in the Constitution, and in case
of a tie, the presiding officer shall decide the issue.
Article 57. Deliberation in each House shall be public. However, a
secret meeting may be held where a majority of two-thirds or more of
those members present passes a resolution therefor.
Each House shall keep a record of proceedings. This record shall be
published and given general circulation, excepting such parts of
proceedings of secret session as may be deemed to require secrecy.
Upon demand of one-fifth or more of the members present, votes of the
members on any matter shall be recorded in the minutes.
Article 58. Each House shall select its own president and other
officials.
Each House shall establish its rules pertaining to meetings,
proceedings and internal discipline, and may punish members for
disorderly conduct. However, in order to expel a member, a majority of
two-thirds or more of those members present must pass a resolution
thereon.
Article 59. A bill becomes a law on passage by both Houses, except as
otherwise provided by the Constitution.
A bill which is passed by the House of Representatives, and upon which
the House of Councillors makes a decision different from that of the
House of Representatives, becomes a law when passed a second time by
the House of Representatives by a majority of two-thirds or more of the
members present.
The provision of the preceding paragraph does not preclude the House of
Representatives from calling for the meeting of a joint committee of
both Houses, provided for by law.
Failure by the House of Councillors to take final action within sixty
(60) days after receipt of a bill passed by the House of
Representatives, time in recess excepted, may be determined by the
House of Representatives to constitute a rejection of the said bill by
the House of Councillors.
Article 60. The budget must first be submitted to the House of
Representatives.
Upon consideration of the budget, when the House of Councillors makes a
decision different from that of the House of Representatives, and when
no agreement can be reached even through a joint committee of both
Houses, provided for by law, or in the case of failure by the House of
Councillors to take final action within thirty (30) days, the period of
recess excluded, after the receipt of the budget passed by the House of
Representatives, the decision of the House of Representatives shall be
the decision of the Diet.
Article 61. The second paragraph of the preceding article applies also
to the Diet approval required for the conclusion of treaties.
Article 62. Each House may conduct investigations in relation to
government, and may demand the presence and testimony of witnesses, and
the production of records.
Article 63. The Prime Minister and other Ministers of State may, at any
time, appear in either House for the purpose of speaking on bills,
regardless of whether they are members of the House or not. They must
appear when their presence is required in order to give answers or
explanations.
Article 64. The Diet shall set up an impeachment court from among the
members of both Houses for the purpose of trying those judges against
whom removal proceedings have been instituted.
Matters relating to impeachment shall be provided by law.
CHAPTER V
THE CABINET
Article 65. Executive power shall be vested in the Cabinet.
Article 66. The Cabinet shall consist of the Prime Minister, who shall
be its head, and other Ministers of State, as provided for by law.
The Prime Minister and other Ministers of State must be civilians.
The Cabinet, in the exercise of executive power, shall be collectively
responsible to the Diet.
Article 67. The Prime Minister shall be designated from among the
members of the Diet by a resolution of the Diet. This designation shall
precede all other business.
If the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors disagree
and if no agreement can be reached even through a joint committee of
both Houses, provided for by law, or the House of Councillors fails to
make designation within ten (10) days, exclusive of the period of
recess, after the House of Representatives has made designation, the
decision of the House of Representatives shall be the decision of the
Diet.
Article 68. The Prime Minister shall appoint the Ministers of State.
However, a majority of their number must be chosen from among the
members of the Diet.
The Prime Minister may remove the Ministers of State as he chooses.
Article 69. If the House of Representatives passes a non-confidence
resolution, or rejects a confidence resolution, the Cabinet shall
resign en masse, unless the House of Representatives is dissolved
within ten (10) days.
Article 70. When there is a vacancy in the post of Prime Minister, or
upon the first convocation of the Diet after a general election of
members of the House of Representatives, the Cabinet shall resign en
masse.
Article 71. In the cases mentioned in the two preceding articles, the
Cabinet shall continue its functions until the time when a new Prime
Minister is appointed.
Article 72. The Prime Minister, representing the Cabinet, submits
bills, reports on general national affairs and foreign relations to the
Diet and exercises control and supervision over various administrative
branches.
Article 73. The Cabinet, in addition to other general administrative
functions, shall perform the following functions:
Administer the law faithfully; conduct affairs of state.
Manage foreign affairs.
Conclude treaties. However, it shall obtain prior or, depending on
circumstances, subsequent approval of the Diet.
Administer the civil service, in accordance with standards established
by law.
Prepare the budget, and present it to the Diet.
Enact cabinet orders in order to execute the provisions of this
Constitution and of the law. However, it cannot include penal
provisions in such cabinet orders unless authorized by such law.
Decide on general amnesty, special amnesty, commutation of punishment,
reprieve, and restoration of rights.
Article 74. All laws and cabinet orders shall be signed by the
competent Minister of State and countersigned by the Prime Minister.
Article 75. The Ministers of State, during their tenure of office,
shall not be subject to legal action without the consent of the Prime
Minister. However, the right to take that action is not impaired hereby.
CHAPTER VI
JUDICIARY
Article 76. The whole judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court and
in such inferior courts as are established by law.
No extraordinary tribunal shall be established, nor shall any organ or
agency of the Executive be given final judicial power.
All judges shall be independent in the exercise of their conscience and
shall be bound only by this Constitution and the laws.
Article 77. The Supreme Court is vested with the rule-making power
under which it determines the rules of procedure and of practice, and
of matters relating to attorneys, the internal discipline of the courts
and the administration of judicial affairs.
Public procurators shall be subject to the rule-making power of the
Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court may delegate the power to make rules for inferior
courts to such courts.
Article 78. Judges shall not be removed except by public impeachment
unless judicially declared mentally or physically incompetent to
perform official duties. No disciplinary action against judges shall be
administered by any executive organ or agency.
Article 79. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Judge and such
number of judges as may be determined by law; all such judges excepting
the Chief Judge shall be appointed by the Cabinet.
The appointment of the judges of the Supreme Court shall be reviewed by
the people at the first general election of members of the House of
Representatives following their appointment, and shall be reviewed
again at the first general election of members of the House of
Representatives after a lapse of ten (10) years, and in the same manner
thereafter.
In cases mentioned in the foregoing paragraph, when the majority of the
voters favors the dismissal of a judge, he shall be dismissed.
Matters pertaining to review shall be prescribed by law.
The judges of the Supreme Court shall be retired upon the attainment of
the age as fixed by law.
All such judges shall receive, at regular stated intervals, adequate
compensation which shall not be decreased during their terms of office.
Article 80. The judges of the inferior courts shall be appointed by the
Cabinet from a list of persons nominated by the Supreme Court. All such
judges shall hold office for a term of ten (10) years with privilege of
reappointment, provided that they shall be retired upon the attainment
of the age as fixed by law.
The judges of the inferior courts shall receive, at regular stated
intervals, adequate compensation which shall not be decreased during
their terms of office.
Article 81. The Supreme Court is the court of last resort with power to
determine the constitutionality of any law, order, regulation or
official act.
Article 82. Trials shall be conducted and judgment declared publicly.
Where a court unanimously determines publicity to be dangerous to
public order or morals, a trial may be conducted privately, but trials
of political offenses, offenses involving the press or cases wherein
the rights of people as guaranteed in Chapter III of this Constitution
are in question shall always be conducted publicly.
CHAPTER VII
FINANCE
Article 83. The power to administer national finances shall be
exercised as the Diet shall determine.
Article 84. No new taxes shall be imposed or existing ones modified
except by law or under such conditions as law may prescribe.
Article 85. No money shall be expended, nor shall the State obligate
itself, except as authorized by the Diet.
Article 86. The Cabinet shall prepare and submit to the Diet for its
consideration and decision a budget for each fiscal year.
Article 87. In order to provide for unforeseen deficiencies in the
budget, a reserve fund may be authorized by the Diet to be expended
upon the responsibility of the Cabinet.
The Cabinet must get subsequent approval of the Diet for all payments
from the reserve fund.
Article 88. All property of the Imperial Household shall belong to the
State. All expenses of the Imperial Household shall be appropriated by
the Diet in the budget.
Article 89. No public money or other property shall be expended or
appropriated for the use, benefit or maintenance of any religious
institution or association, or for any charitable, educational or
benevolent enterprises not under the control of public authority.
Article 90. Final accounts of the expenditures and revenues of the
State shall be audited annually by a Board of Audit and submitted by
the Cabinet to the Diet, together with the statement of audit, during
the fiscal year immediately following the period covered.
The organization and competency of the Board of Audit shall be
determined by law.
Article 91. At regular intervals and at least annually the Cabinet
shall report to the Diet and the people on the state of national
finances.
CHAPTER VIII
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
Article 92. Regulations concerning organization and operations of local
public entities shall be fixed by law in accordance with the principle
of local autonomy.
Article 93. The local public entities shall establish assemblies as
their deliberative organs, in accordance with law.
The chief executive officers of all local public entities, the members
of their assemblies, and such other local officials as may be
determined by law shall be elected by direct popular vote within their
several communities.
Article 94. Local public entities shall have the right to manage their
property, affairs and administration and to enact their own regulations
within law.
Article 95. A special law, applicable only to one local public entity,
cannot be enacted by the Diet without the consent of the majority of
the voters of the local public entity concerned, obtained in accordance
with law.
CHAPTER IX
AMENDMENTS
Article 96. Amendments to this Constitution shall be
initiated by the Diet, through a concurring vote of two-thirds or more
of all the members of each House and shall thereupon be submitted to
the people for ratification, which shall require the affirmative vote
of a majority of all votes cast thereon, at a special referendum or at
such election as the Diet shall specify.
Amendments when so ratified shall immediately be promulgated by the
Emperor in the name of the people, as an integral part of this
Constitution.
CHAPTER X
SUPREME LAW
Article 97. The fundamental human rights by this Constitution
guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of
man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for
durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust,
to be held for all time inviolate.
Article 98. This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation
and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or
part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force
or validity.
The treaties concluded by Japan and established laws of nations shall
be faithfully observed.
Article 99. The Emperor or the Regent as well as Ministers of State,
members of the Diet, judges, and all other public officials have the
obligation to respect and uphold this Constitution.
CHAPTER XI
SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS
Article 100. This Constitution shall be enforced as from the day when
the period of six months will have elapsed counting from the day of its
promulgation.
The enactment of laws necessary for the enforcement of this
Constitution, the election of members of the House of Councillors and
the procedure for the convocation of the Diet and other preparatory
procedures necessary for the enforcement of this Constitution may be
executed before the day prescribed in the preceding paragraph.
Article 101. If the House of Councillors is not constituted before the
effective date of this Constitution, the House of Representatives shall
function as the Diet until such time as the House of Councillors shall
be constituted.
Article 102. The term of office for half the members of the House of
Councillors serving in the first term under this Constitution shall be
three years. Members falling under this category shall be determined in
accordance with law.
Article 103. The Ministers of State, members of the House of
Representatives and judges in office on the effective date of this
Constitution, and all other public officials who occupy positions
corresponding to such positions as are recognized by this Constitution
shall not forfeit their positions automatically on account of the
enforcement of this Constitution unless otherwise specified by law.
When, however, successors are elected or appointed under the provisions
of this Constitution, they shall forfeit their positions as a matter of
course.
Source:
Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, The Constitution of Japan.
Web. 9 June, 2015
<http://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html>
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