はじめによんでください

  福澤諭吉

Fukuzawa Yukichi, 1835-1901

池田光穂

☆ 福沢諭吉（ふくざわゆきち、1835年1月10日-1901年2月3日）は、日本の教育者、哲学者、作家、企業家、武士であり、慶應義塾大学、時事新報、伝染病研究所を創設した。 福澤は早くから日本の改革を提唱した。政府の組織や社会制度の構造に関する彼の考えは、急速に変化した明治時代の日本に永続的な印象を与えた。福澤は1984年から2024年まで1万円紙幣に描かれている。

Fukuzawa Yukichi (福澤 諭吉, January 10, 1835 – February 3, 1901) was a Japanese educator, philosopher, writer, entrepreneur and samurai who founded Keio University, the newspaper Jiji-Shinpō [jp], and the Institute for Study of Infectious Diseases. Fukuzawa was an early advocate for reform in Japan. His ideas about the organization of government and the structure of social institutions made a lasting impression on a rapidly changing Japan during the Meiji period. He appears on the 10,000-Japanese yen banknote from 1984 to 2024.	福沢諭吉（ふくざわゆきち、1835年1月10日-1901年2月3 日）は、日本の教育者、哲学者、作家、企業家、武士であり、慶應義塾大学、時事新報、伝染病研究所を創設した。 福澤は早くから日本の改革を提唱した。政府の組織や社会制度の構造に関する彼の考えは、急速に変化した明治時代の日本に永続的な印象を与えた。福澤は 1984年から2024年まで1万円紙幣に描かれている。
Early life Monument of Fukuzawa Yukichi's birthplace, the Nakatsu Domain warehouse-mansion, in Hotarumachi, Fukushima-ku, Osaka Fukuzawa Yukichi was born into an impoverished low-ranking samurai (military nobility) family of the Okudaira Clan of Nakatsu Domain (present-day Ōita, Kyushu) in 1835. His family lived in Osaka, the main trading center for Japan at the time.[1] His family was poor following the early death of his father, who was also a Confucian scholar. At the age of 5 he started Han learning, and by the time he turned 14, he had studied major writings such as the Analects, Tao Te Ching, Zuo Zhuan and Zhuangzi.[2] Fukuzawa was greatly influenced by his lifelong teacher, Shōzan Shiraishi, who was a scholar of Confucianism and Han learning. Yukichi turned 19 in 1854, shortly after the Perry Expedition's arrival in Japan marking the beginning of the opening of Japan to trade via Gunboat diplomacy. As the family patriarch Fukuzawa's brother asked him to travel to Nagasaki, where the Dutch colony at Dejima was located, in order to enter a school of Dutch studies (rangaku). He instructed Yukichi to learn Dutch so that he might study European cannon designs and gunnery. Sailors of the Kanrin Maru, members of the Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860). Fukuzawa Yukichi sits on the right. Fukuzawa Yukichi (posing with the photographer's twelve year old daughter, Theodora Alice Shew) in San Francisco, 1860 Fukuzawa’s early life consisted of the dull and backbreaking work typical of a lower-level samurai in Japan during the Tokugawa period.[2] Although Fukuzawa did travel to Nagasaki, his stay was brief as he quickly began to outshine his host in Nagasaki, Okudaira Iki. Okudaira planned to get rid of Fukuzawa by writing a letter saying that Fukuzawa's mother was ill. Seeing through the fake letter, Fukuzawa planned to travel to Edo and continue his studies there, since he would be unable to do so in his home domain of Nakatsu. However, upon his return to Osaka, his brother persuaded him to stay and enroll at the Tekijuku school run by physician and rangaku scholar Ogata Kōan.[2] Fukuzawa studied at Tekijuku for three years and became fully proficient in the Dutch language. In 1858, he was appointed the official Dutch teacher of Nakatsu, and was sent to Edo to teach the family's vassals there. The following year, Japan opened up three of its ports to American and European ships, and Fukuzawa, intrigued with Western civilization, traveled to Kanagawa to see them. When he arrived, he discovered that virtually all of the European merchants there were speaking English rather than Dutch. He then began to study English, but at that time, English-Japanese interpreters were rare and dictionaries nonexistent, so his studies were slow. In 1859, the Tokugawa shogunate sent their first diplomatic mission to the United States. Fukuzawa volunteered his services to Admiral Kimura Yoshitake. Kimura's ship, the Kanrin Maru, arrived in San Francisco, California, in 1860. The delegation stayed in the city for a month, during which time Fukuzawa had himself photographed with an American girl, and also found a Webster's Dictionary, from which he began serious study of the English language.	生い立ち 大阪市福島区ほたる町にある福沢諭吉の生家、中津藩蔵屋敷の碑 福沢諭吉は1835年、中津藩（現在の九州大分県）奥平家の貧しい下級武士の家に生まれた。儒学者であった父を早くに亡くし、家は貧しかった[1]。5歳 で漢学を始め、14歳になるまでに『論語』『道経』『左伝』『荘子』などの主要な書物を学んだ。諭吉が19歳になったのは1854年で、ペリー来航の直後 であり、砲艦外交による開国の始まりであった。家長であった福澤の兄は、蘭学塾に入るため、オランダの植民地であった出島のある長崎に行くよう諭吉に頼ん だ。彼は諭吉にオランダ語を学び、ヨーロッパの大砲の設計や砲術を学ぶよう指示した。 咸臨丸の船員たち、駐米日本大使館のメンバー（1860年）。福沢諭吉は右側に座っている。 福沢諭吉（撮影者の12歳の娘、セオドラ・アリス・シューとポーズをとる）、サンフランシスコにて（1860年 福沢の初期の生活は、徳川時代の日本の下級武士に典型的な、退屈で骨の折れる仕事であった[2]。福沢は長崎に旅したが、長崎での主人であった奥平壱岐を すぐに出し抜き始めたため、その滞在は短期間であった。奥平は、福澤の母が病気であるという手紙を書くことで、福澤を追い出そうと計画した。偽の手紙を見 破った福沢は、本藩の中津では学問ができないので、江戸に出て学問を続けるつもりだった。福澤は3年間適塾で学び、オランダ語に堪能になった。1858年 には中津の正式なオランダ語教師に任命され、江戸に派遣されて家臣たちを教えた。 翌年、日本は3つの港をアメリカやヨーロッパの船に開放し、福沢は西洋文明に興味を持ち、神奈川まで見に行った。到着した福沢は、そこにいたヨーロッパの 商人たちがほとんど全員、オランダ語ではなく英語を話していることを知った。福沢は英語の勉強を始めたが、当時は日英通訳はほとんどおらず、辞書も存在し なかったため、福沢の勉強は遅々として進まなかった。 1859年、徳川幕府は初の外交使節団をアメリカに派遣した。福沢は木村義武提督に志願した。木村の船、咸臨丸は1860年にカリフォルニア州サンフラン シスコに到着した。使節団は1ヶ月間サンフランシスコに滞在し、その間に福沢はアメリカ人女性と写真を撮ったり、ウェブスターの辞書を見つけたりした。
Political movements Fukuzawa Yukichi was a member of the Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860) (Washington shipyard). Fukuzawa posing in Utrecht as part of the First Japanese Embassy to Europe, 1862 Upon his return in 1860, Fukuzawa became an official translator for the Tokugawa shogunate. Shortly afterwards he brought out his first publication, an English-Japanese dictionary which he called "Kaei Tsūgo" (translated from a Chinese-English dictionary) which was a beginning for his series of later books. In 1862, he visited Europe as one of the two English translators in the First Japanese Embassy to Europe. During its year in Europe, the Embassy conducted negotiations with France, England, the Netherlands, Prussia, and finally Russia. In Russia, the embassy attempted unsuccessfully to negotiate for the southern end of Sakhalin (in Japanese Karafuto), a long-standing source of dispute between the two countries. The information collected during these travels resulted in his famous work Seiyō Jijō [jp] (西洋事情, Things western [Wikidata]), which he published in ten volumes in 1867, 1868 and 1870. The books describe western culture and institutions in simple, easy to understand terms, and they became immediate best-sellers. Fukuzawa was soon regarded as the foremost expert on western civilization, leading him to conclude that his mission in life was to educate his countrymen in new ways of thinking in order to enable Japan to resist European imperialism.[citation needed] In 1868 he changed the name of the school he had established to teach Dutch to Keio Gijuku, and from then on devoted all his time to education. He also added public speaking to the educational system's curriculum.[2] While Keiō's initial identity was that of a private school of Western studies (Keio-gijuku), it expanded and established its first university faculty in 1890. Under the name Keio-Gijuku University, it became a leader in Japanese higher education. Fukuzawa was also a strong advocate for women’s rights. He often spoke up in favor of equality between husbands and wives, the education of girls as well as boys, and the equal love of daughters and sons. At the same time, he called attention to harmful practices such as women’s inability to own property in their own name and the familial distress that took place when married men took mistresses. However, even Fukuzawa was not willing to propose completely equal rights for men and women; only for husbands and wives. He also stated in his 1899 book New Greater Learning for Women that a good marriage was always the best outcome for a young woman, and according to some of Fukuzawa's personal letters, he discouraged his friends from sending their daughters on to higher education so that they would not become less desirable marriage candidates.[2] While some of Yukichi’s other proposed reforms, such as education reforms, found an eager audience, his ideas about women received a less enthusiastic reception.[citation needed]	政治運動 福沢諭吉は在米日本大使館員であった（1860年）（ワシントン造船所）。 第一次遣欧使節団の一員としてユトレヒトでポーズをとる福沢（1862年） 1860年に帰国した福澤は、徳川幕府の公式通訳となった。その後まもなく、彼は最初の出版物である英和辞典を世に送り出した。この辞典は「嘉永通語」 （漢英辞典からの翻訳）と呼ばれ、後の一連の著作の始まりとなった。1862年、第一次遣欧使節団の二人の英訳者の一人として渡欧した。ヨーロッパでの1 年間、大使館はフランス、イギリス、オランダ、プロイセン、そしてロシアと交渉を行った。ロシアでは、日露間の長年の懸案であったサハリン南端の領有権交 渉に失敗した。 これらの旅で収集された情報は、1867年、1868年、1870年に全10巻で出版された彼の有名な著作『西洋事情』に結実した。この本は西洋の文化や 制度をシンプルでわかりやすい言葉で説明したもので、たちまちベストセラーとなった。やがて福澤は西洋文明の第一人者とみなされるようになり、日本がヨー ロッパの帝国主義に抵抗できるようにするために、同胞に新しい考え方を教育することが自分の使命だと考えるようになった[要出典]。 1868年、オランダ語を教えるために設立した塾を慶応義塾と改称し、以後は教育に専念した。慶應義塾は当初、私立の洋学塾（慶應義塾）であったが、1890年には規模を拡大し、初の大学学部を設置した。慶應義塾大学は、日本の高等教育のリーダー的存在となった。 福澤はまた、女性の権利の強力な擁護者でもあった。彼はしばしば、夫と妻の平等、女子と男子の教育、娘と息子の平等な愛情を訴えた。同時に、女性が自分名 義の財産を持つことができないことや、既婚男性が愛人を持つことで起こる家庭内の苦悩など、有害な慣行にも注意を喚起した。しかし、福沢といえども、完全 に男女同権を提唱するつもりはなかった。彼はまた、1899年に出版した『新女学大系』の中で、若い女性にとっては常に良い結婚が最良の結果であると述べ ており、福澤のいくつかの私信によれば、彼は友人たちに、結婚相手として好ましくない候補にならないように娘を高等教育に進学させることを勧めていた [2]。 教育改革など、諭吉が提案した他の改革のいくつかは熱心な聴衆を得たが、女性に関する彼の考えはあまり熱狂的な歓迎を受けなかった[要出典]。
Death After suffering a stroke on January 25, 1901, Fukuzawa Yukichi died on February 3. He was buried at Zenpuku-ji, in the Azabu area of Tokyo.[2] Alumni of Keio-Gijuku University hold a ceremony there every year on February 3.	死去 福沢諭吉は1901年1月25日に脳卒中で倒れ、2月3日に死去した。毎年2月3日には、慶應義塾大学の同窓生が善福寺で葬儀を行っている[2]。
Works Fukuzawa's writings may have been the foremost of the Edo period and Meiji period. They played a large role in the introduction of Western culture into Japan. English-Japanese Dictionary In 1860, he published English-Japanese Dictionary ("Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo"). It was his first publication. He bought English-Chinese Dictionary ("Kaei Tsūgo") in San Francisco in 1860. He translated it to Japanese and he added the Japanese translations to the original textbook. In his book, he invented the new Japanese characters VU (ヴ) to represent the pronunciation of VU, and VA (ヷ) to represent the pronunciation of VA. For example, the name Beethoven is written as ベートーヴェン in modern Japanese. All the Countries of the World, for Children Written in Verse His famous textbook Sekai Kunizukushi ("All the Countries of the World, for Children Written in Verse", 1869) became a best seller and was used as an official school textbook. His inspiration for writing the books came when he tried to teach world geography to his sons. At the time there were no textbooks on the subject, so he decided to write one himself. He started by buying a few Japanese geography books for children, named Miyakoji ("City roads") and Edo hōgaku ("Tokyo maps"), and practiced reading them aloud. He then wrote Sekai Kunizukushi in six volumes in the same lyrical style. The first volume covered Asia, the second Africa, the third Europe, the fourth South America, and the fifth both North America and Australia. The sixth volume was an appendix that gave an introduction to world geography. An Encouragement of Learning First edition of "An Encouragement of Learning" (1872), written by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Obata Tokujirō Influenced by the 1835 and 1856 editions of Elements of Moral Science by Brown University President Francis Wayland,[3] from 1872-76 Fukuzawa published 17 volumes of Gakumon no Susume (学問のすすめ, An Encouragement of Learning [Wikidata] or more idiomatically "On Studying"[4]). Through these writings, Fukuzawa develops his views on the importance of equality of opportunity as a principle, explores his understanding of the principle, and stresses that education is the key to taking best advantage of the principle and achieving greatness.[citation needed] For these reasons, he was an avid supporter of public schools and believed in a firm mental foundation through learning and studiousness.[citation needed] Fukuzawa also advocated in these writings his most lasting motto, "national independence through personal independence."[5] By creating a self-determining social morality for a Japan still reeling from both the political upheavals wrought by the unwanted end to its isolationism and the cultural upheavals caused by the inundation of so much novelty in products, methods, and ideas, Fukuzawa hoped to instill a sense of personal strength among the people of Japan so they could build a nation to rival all others.[citation needed] To his understanding, Western nations had become more powerful than other regions because their societies fostered education, individualism (independence), competition and exchange of ideas.[citation needed]	著作 福澤の著作は、江戸時代から明治時代にかけての第一人者であろう。西洋文化の日本への導入に大きな役割を果たした。 英和辞典 1860年（万延元年）、福澤は『英和辞典』を刊行した。彼の最初の出版物である。1860年、サンフランシスコで『嘉永通語』（English- Chinese Dictionary）を購入。彼はそれを日本語に翻訳し、原書に日本語訳を加えた。彼はこの本の中で、VUの発音を表すVU（ヴ）、VAの発音を表す VA（ヴぁ）という新しい漢字を考案した。例えば、ベートーヴェンという名前は現代日本語では「ヴェートーヴェン」と表記される。 詩で書かれた子供のための世界の国々 彼の有名な教科書『世界国尽』（1869年）はベストセラーとなり、学校の公式教科書として使われた。執筆のきっかけは、息子たちに世界地理を教えようと したことだった。当時、このテーマに関する教科書はなかったので、彼は自分で書こうと決めた。彼はまず、「都路」と「江戸邦図」という子供向けの日本地理 の本を数冊買い、声に出して読む練習をした。そして、同じ叙情的な文体で『世界国尽』を全6巻にまとめた。第一巻はアジア、第二巻はアフリカ、第三巻は ヨーロッパ、第四巻は南米、第五巻は北米とオーストラリアを扱った。第6巻は付録として世界地理を紹介した。 学問のすすめ 学問のすすめ』初版（1872年）福沢諭吉・小幡徳次郎著 1835年と1856年に刊行されたブラウン大学学長フランシス・ウェイランドによる『道徳のすすめ』[3]に影響を受けた福澤は、1872年から76年 にかけて『学問のすすめ』全17巻を刊行した。これらの著作を通じて、福澤は機会平等の原則の重要性についての見解を展開し、この原則についての理解を深 め、教育こそがこの原則を最大限に活用し、偉業を達成する鍵であることを強調している[要出典]。これらの理由から、彼は公立学校の熱心な支持者であり、 学問と勉学を通じてしっかりとした精神的基礎を築くことを信じた[要出典]。 「福澤は、望まぬ鎖国の終焉によって引き起こされた政治的動揺と、製品、方法、思想のあまりの斬新さの氾濫によって引き起こされた文化的動揺の両方からま だ動揺している日本のために、自己決定的な社会道徳を作り出すことによって、日本国民に個人の強さの感覚を植え付け、他国に匹敵する国民を作り上げること を望んだ。 [彼の理解では、西洋諸国は教育、個人主義（独立）、競争、アイデアの交換を育む社会であったため、他の地域よりも力を持つようになった[要出典]。
An Outline of a Theory of Civilization This section includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) First edition of An Outline of a Theory of Civilization (1875) Fukuzawa published many influential essays and critical works. A particularly prominent example is Bunmeiron no Gairyaku (文明論之概略, An Outline of a Theory of Civilization [Wikidata][6]) published in 1875, in which he details his own theory of civilization. It was influenced by Histoire de la civilisation en Europe (1828; Eng. trans in 1846) by François Guizot and History of Civilization in England (1872–1873, 2nd London ed.) by Henry Thomas Buckle. According to Fukuzawa, civilization is relative to time and circumstance, as well in comparison. For example, at the time China was relatively civilized in comparison to some African colonies, and European nations were the most civilized of all. Colleagues in the Meirokusha intellectual society shared many of Fukuzawa's views, which he published in his contributions to Meiroku zasshi (Meiji Six Magazine), a scholarly journal he helped publish. In his books and journals, he often wrote about the word "civilization" and what it meant. He advocated a move toward "civilization", by which he meant material and spiritual well-being, which elevated human life to a "higher plane". Because material and spiritual well-being corresponded to knowledge and "virtue", to "move toward civilization" was to advance and pursue knowledge and virtue themselves. He contended that people could find the answer to their life or their present situation from "civilization." Furthermore, the difference between the weak and the powerful and large and small was just a matter of difference between their knowledge and education. He argued that Japan should not import guns and materials. Instead it should support the acquisition of knowledge, which would eventually take care of the material necessities. He talked of the Japanese concept of being practical or pragmatic (実学, jitsugaku) and the building of things that are basic and useful to other people. In short, to Fukuzawa, "civilization" essentially meant the furthering of knowledge and education.	文明論の概要 このセクションには、参考文献、関連文献、外部リンクのリストが含まれているが、インライン引用がないため、出典が不明確なままである。より正確な引用を 導入することで、このセクションの改善にご協力いただきたい。(2021年11月） （このメッセージを削除する方法とタイミングを学ぶ） 文明論之概略』初版（1875年） 福澤は影響力のある論考や評論を数多く発表した。特に著名なのは1875年に出版された『文明論之概略』（文明論之概略 [Wikidata][6]）であり、この中で彼は独自の文明論を詳述している。フランソワ・ギゾーの『ヨーロッパ文明史』（Histoire de la civilisation en Europe、1828年、英語版は1846年）やヘンリー・トーマス・バックルの『イギリス文明史』（History of Civilization in England、1872-1873年、ロンドン第2版）の影響を受けている。福澤によれば、文明は時代や状況、比較において相対的なものである。例え ば、当時の中国はアフリカの植民地と比較して相対的に文明的であり、ヨーロッパ国民は最も文明的であった。 明六社の知識人仲間は福澤の見解の多くに共感しており、福澤は自身が発行に携わった学術雑誌『明六雑誌』に寄稿している。著書や雑誌の中で、彼はしばしば 「文明」という言葉とその意味について書いている。彼は「文明」への移行を提唱したが、それは物質的・精神的な幸福を意味し、人間生活を「より高い次元」 に引き上げるものであった。物質的・精神的な幸福は知識と「徳」に対応するため、「文明を目指す」とは、知識と徳そのものを前進させ、追求することであっ た。彼は、人々は自分の人生や現状に対する答えを 「文明 」から見出すことができると主張した。さらに、弱肉強食、大小の差は、知識や教養の差に過ぎないとした。 彼は、日本は銃や資材を輸入すべきではないと主張した。その代わり、知識の習得を支援すべきであり、そうすれば物質的な必需品はいずれ手に入るだろう。彼 は、日本人の実学的な考え方や、基本的で人の役に立つものを作ることについて語った。要するに、福沢にとって「文明」とは、本質的に知識と教育の向上を意 味したのである。
Legacy Fukuzawa Yukichi Fukuzawa's most important contribution to the reformation effort, though, came in the form of a newspaper called Jiji Shinpō [Wikidata] (時事新報, "Current Events"), which he started in 1882, after being prompted by Inoue Kaoru, Ōkuma Shigenobu, and Itō Hirobumi to establish a strong influence among the people, and in particular to transmit to the public the government's views on the projected national assembly, and as reforms began, Fukuzawa, whose fame was already unquestionable, began production of Jiji Shinpo, which received wide circulation, encouraging the people to enlighten themselves and to adopt a moderate political attitude towards the change that was being engineered within the social and political structures of Japan. He translated many books and journals into Japanese on a wide variety of subjects, including chemistry, the arts, military and society, and published many books (in multiple volumes) and journals himself describing Western society, his own philosophy and change, etc. Fukuzawa appeared on the 10,000 yen banknote engraved by Oshikiri Katsuzō. Fukuzawa was one of the most influential people ever that helped Japan modernize into the country it is today. He never accepted any high position and remained a normal Japanese citizen for his whole life. By the time of his death, he was revered as one of the founders of modern Japan. All of his work was written and was released at a critical juncture in the Japanese society and uncertainty for the Japanese people about their future after the signing of the Unequal treaties, their realization in the weakness of the Japanese government at the time (Tokugawa Shogunate) and its inability to repel the American and European influence. It should also be noted that there were bands of samurai that forcefully opposed the Americans and Europeans and their friends through murder and destruction. Fukuzawa was in danger of his life as a samurai group killed one of his colleagues for advocating policies like those of Fukuzawa. Fukuzawa wrote at a time when the Japanese people were undecided on whether they should be bitter about the American and European forced treaties and imperialism, or to understand the West and move forward. Fukuzawa greatly aided the ultimate success of the pro-modernization forces. Fukuzawa appeared on the 10,000-yen banknote in the 1984 and 2004 issues, and has been compared to Benjamin Franklin in the United States. Franklin appears on the similarly-valued $100 bill. Although all other figures appearing on Japanese banknotes changed when the 2004 series was released, Fukuzawa remained on the 10,000-yen note. His image was eventually replaced by Shibusawa Eiichi in 2024. Fukuzawa Yukichi was a firm believer that Western education surpassed Japan's. However, he did not like the idea of parliamentary debates. As early as 1860, Fukuzawa Yukichi traveled to Europe and the United States. He believed that the problem in Japan was the undervalued mathematics and science.[citation needed] Also, these suffered from a "lack of the idea of independence". The Japanese conservatives were not happy about Fukuzawa's view of Western education. Since he was a family friend of conservatives, he took their stand to heart. Fukuzawa later came to state that he went a little too far.[7] One word sums up his entire theme and that is "independence". Fukuzawa Yukichi believed that national independence was the framework to society in the West. However, to achieve this independence, as well as personal independence, Fukuzawa advocated Western learning. He believed that public virtue would increase as people became more educated.[1] Former Residence of Fukuzawa Yukichi Fukuzawa Yukichi's former residence in the city of Nakatsu in Ōita Prefecture Fukuzawa Yukichi's childhood home in the Rusui-cho neighbourhood of the city of Nakatsu in Ōita Prefecture still exists. It is located on the lower reaches of the Nakatsu River, almost due east of Nakatsu Castle (33°36′26″N 131°11′27″E). Fukuzawa Yukichi was born in 1835 in the Nakatsu Domain warehouse in Osaka and the family returned to Nakatsu after his father's death when he was 18 months old. He lived in this house in Nakatsu until age 19. The structure is a typical samurai residence of the late Edo Period and is a one-story wooden, thatch roof building with two 6-tatami, one 8-tatami, and one 4.5 tatami rooms. The north of the main building is a two-story kura storehouse with a tile roof. In 1971 this former residence and the ruins of a former residence across the street were designated as a National Historic Site.[8][9] The house and the adjacent Fukuzawa Yukichi Memorial Hall, which displays the original manuscript of Gakaku no Susume and Fukuzawa Yukichi's personal belongings, are the major tourist attractions of this city.[10] It is located approximately a 15-minute walk from Nakatsu Station on the JR Kyushu Nippō Main Line.	レガシー 福沢諭吉——明治20年（1887年）か？ 井上馨、大隈重信、伊藤博文らから、国民に強い影響力を確立し、特に国民会議計画に関する政府の見解を国民に伝えるよう促された福沢は、1882年に時事 新報[Wikidata]という新聞を創刊した、 改革が始まると、福沢の名声はすでに疑いのないものであったが、『時事新報』の創刊を開始し、この『時事新報』は広く発行され、日本の社会的・政治的構造 において企てられつつある変化に対して、国民に啓蒙を促し、穏健な政治的態度をとるよう促した。また、化学、芸術、軍事、社会など幅広い分野の書物や雑誌 を数多く日本語に翻訳し、自らも西洋社会、自らの哲学、変化などについて多くの書物（複数巻）や雑誌を出版した。 福澤は、押切勝三が彫った一万円紙幣にも登場している。 福澤は日本の近代化を支えた最も影響力のある人物の一人である。彼は決して高い地位に就くことなく、生涯普通の日本国民であり続けた。彼が亡くなる頃に は、近代日本の創始者の一人として尊敬されていた。彼の作品はすべて、不平等条約調印後の日本社会と、当時の日本政府（徳川幕府）の弱さ、アメリカやヨー ロッパの影響力をはねのけられないという日本国民の将来への不安という、重大な岐路に立たされたときに書かれ、発表された。また、アメリカ人やヨーロッパ 人、そして彼らの友人たちに、殺人や破壊を通して強硬に対抗した武士の一団がいたことも特筆すべきことである。福沢は、福沢のような政策を主張した仲間の 一人を武士団に殺され、命の危険にさらされた。福沢は、日本人がアメリカやヨーロッパの強制的な条約や帝国主義を恨むべきか、それとも西洋を理解して前に 進むべきか、決めかねていた時期に執筆した。福澤は近代化推進勢力の最終的な成功を大いに助けた。 福沢は1984年と2004年の1万円札に登場し、アメリカではベンジャミン・フランクリンに例えられている。フランクリンは、同じような価値を持つ 100ドル紙幣にも登場している。日本の紙幣に描かれる他の人物は2004年のシリーズ発売時にすべて変わったが、福沢は1万円札に描かれたままだった。 福沢は2024年に渋沢栄一に交代した。 福沢諭吉は、西洋の教育は日本の教育を凌駕しているという確固たる信念を持っていた。しかし、彼は議会での議論を好んでいなかった。福沢諭吉は早くも 1860年に欧米を旅行している。彼は、日本の問題は数学と科学が過小評価されていることだと考えていた。日本の保守派は、福澤の西洋教育観を快く思って いなかった。彼は保守派と家族ぐるみの付き合いをしていたため、彼らの立場を真に受けたのである。福澤は後に、少し行き過ぎたことをしたと述べるように なった[7]。 彼のテーマ全体を要約する言葉がある。福沢諭吉は、国民独立こそが西欧社会の枠組みであると考えていた。しかし、この独立と個人の独立を達成するために、福沢は西洋の学問を提唱した。彼は、人々が教養を身につけることで公徳が高まると考えていた[1]。 福沢諭吉旧居 福沢諭吉の旧居（大分県中津市） 福沢諭吉の幼少時代の住まいは、大分県中津市露井町に現存している。中津川の下流、中津城のほぼ真東（北緯33度36分26秒、東経131度11分27 秒）に位置する。福沢諭吉は1835年、大阪の中津藩蔵屋敷で生まれ、生後1年半で父の死後、一家は中津に戻った。彼は19歳まで中津のこの家で暮らし た。構造は江戸時代後期の典型的な武家屋敷で、木造茅葺き平屋建て、6畳2間、8畳1間、4畳半1間である。母屋の北側には瓦葺き2階建ての蔵がある。 1971年（昭和46年）、この旧邸と向かいの旧邸跡が国の史跡に指定された[8][9]。この邸宅と隣接する福沢諭吉記念館は、『学問のススメ』の原本 や福沢諭吉の遺品が展示されており、この街の主要な観光スポットとなっている[10]。 JR九州日豊本線中津駅から徒歩約15分の場所に位置する。
Bibliography Original Japanese books English-Japanese dictionary (増訂華英通語 Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo, 1860) Things western (西洋事情 Seiyō Jijō, 1866, 1868 and 1870) Rifle instruction book (雷銃操法 Raijyū Sōhō, 1867) Guide to travel in the western world (西洋旅案内 Seiyō Tabiannai, 1867) Records of the eleven treaty countries (条約十一国記 Jyōyaku Jyūichi-kokki, 1867) Western clothes, food, and housing (西洋衣食住 Seiyō Isyokujyū, 1867) Handbook for soldiers (兵士懐中便覧 Heishi Kaicyū Binran, 1868) Illustrated book of physical sciences (訓蒙窮理図解 Kinmō Kyūri Zukai, 1868) Outline of the western art of war (洋兵明鑑 Yōhei Meikan, 1869) Pocket almanac of the world (掌中万国一覧 Shōcyū Bankoku-Ichiran, 1869) English parliament (英国議事院談 Eikoku Gijiindan, 1869) Sino-British diplomatic relations (清英交際始末 Shin-ei Kosai-shimatsu, 1869) All the countries of the world, for children written in verse (世界国尽 Sekai Kunizukushi, 1869) Daily lesson for children (ひびのおしえ Hibi no Oshie, 1871) - These books were written for Fukuzawa's first son Ichitarō and second son Sutejirō. Book of reading and penmanship for children (啓蒙手習の文 Keimō Tenarai-no-Fumi, 1871) Encouragement of learning (学問のすゝめ Gakumon no Susume, 1872–1876) Junior book of ethics with many tales from western lands (童蒙教草 Dōmō Oshie-Gusa, 1872) Deformed girl (かたわ娘 Katawa Musume, 1872) Explanation of the new calendar (改暦弁 Kaireki-Ben, 1873) Bookkeeping (帳合之法 Chōai-no-Hō, 1873) Maps of Japan for children (日本地図草紙 Nihon Chizu Sōshi, 1873) Elementary reader for children (文字之教 Moji-no-Oshie, 1873) How to hold a conference (会議弁 Kaigi-Ben, 1874) An Outline of a Theory of Civilization (文明論之概略 Bunmeiron no Gairyaku, 1875) Independence of the scholar's mind (学者安心論 Gakusya Anshinron, 1876) On the separation of powers (分権論 Bunkenron, 1877) Popular economics (民間経済録 Minkan Keizairoku, 1877) Collected essays of Fukuzawa (福澤文集 Fukuzawa Bunsyū, 1878) On currency (通貨論 Tsūkaron, 1878) Popular discourse on people's rights (通俗民権論 Tsūzoku Minkenron, 1878) Popular discourse on national rights (通俗国権論 Tsūzoku Kokkenron, 1878) Transition of people's way of thinking (民情一新 Minjyō Isshin, 1879) On the National Diet (国会論 Kokkairon, 1879) Commentary on the current problems (時事小言 Jiji Shōgen, 1881) On general trends of the times (時事大勢論 Jiji Taiseiron, 1882) On the imperial household (帝室論 Teishitsuron, 1882) On armament (兵論 Heiron, 1882) On moral training (徳育如何 Tokuiku-Ikan, 1882) On the independence of learning (学問之独立 Gakumon-no Dokuritsu, 1883) On the national conscription (全国徴兵論 Zenkoku Cyōheiron, 1884) Popular discourse on foreign diplomacy (通俗外交論 Tsūzoku Gaikōron, 1884) On Japanese womanhood (日本婦人論 Nihon Fujinron, 1885) On gentlemen's moral life (士人処世論 Shijin Syoseiron, 1885) On moral conduct (品行論 Hinkōron, 1885) On association of men and women (男女交際論 Nannyo Kosairon, 1886) On Japanese manhood (日本男子論 Nihon Nanshiron, 1888) On reverence for the Emperor (尊王論 Sonnōron, 1888) Future of the Diet; Origin of the difficulty in the Diet; Word on the public security; On land tax (国会の前途 Kokkai-no Zento; Kokkai Nankyoku-no Yurai; Chian-Syōgen; Chisoron, 1892) On business (実業論 Jitsugyōron, 1893) One hundred discourses of Fukuzawa (福翁百話 Fukuō Hyakuwa, 1897) Foreword to the collected works of Fukuzawa (福澤全集緒言 Fukuzawa Zensyū Cyogen, 1897) Fukuzawa sensei's talk on the worldly life (福澤先生浮世談 Fukuzawa Sensei Ukiyodan, 1898) Discourses of study for success (修業立志編 Syūgyō Rittishihen, 1898) Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi (福翁自伝 Fukuō Jiden, 1899) Reproof of "the essential learning for women"; New essential learning for women (女大学評論 Onnadaigaku Hyōron; 新女大学 Shin-Onnadaigaku, 1899) More discourses of Fukuzawa (福翁百余話 Fukuō Hyakuyowa, 1901) Commentary on the national problems of 1877; Spirit of manly defiance (明治十年丁丑公論 Meiji Jyūnen Teicyū Kōron; 瘠我慢の説 Yasegaman-no Setsu, 1901) English translations The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, with a foreword by Carmen Blacker, NY: Columbia University Press, 1980 [1966], ISBN 978-0-231-08373-7 The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, with a foreword by Albert M. Craig, NY: Columbia University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-231-13987-8 The Thought of Fukuzawa series, (Paperback) Keio University Press vol.1 福澤諭吉 (2008), An Outline of a Theory of Civilization, Translation by David A. Dilworth, G. Cameron Hurst, III, Keio University Press, ISBN 978-4-7664-1560-5 vol.2 福澤諭吉 (2012), An Encouragement of Learning, Translation by David A. Dilworth, Keio University Press, ISBN 978-4-7664-1684-8 vol.3 福澤諭吉 (2017), Fukuzawa Yukichi on Women and the Family, Edited and with New and Revised Translations by Helen Ballhatchet, Keio University Press, ISBN 978-4-7664-2414-0 Vol.4 The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi. Revised translation and with an introduction by Helen Ballhatchet.	Bibliography Original Japanese books English-Japanese dictionary (増訂華英通語 Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo, 1860) Things western (西洋事情 Seiyō Jijō, 1866, 1868 and 1870) Rifle instruction book (雷銃操法 Raijyū Sōhō, 1867) Guide to travel in the western world (西洋旅案内 Seiyō Tabiannai, 1867) Records of the eleven treaty countries (条約十一国記 Jyōyaku Jyūichi-kokki, 1867) Western clothes, food, and housing (西洋衣食住 Seiyō Isyokujyū, 1867) Handbook for soldiers (兵士懐中便覧 Heishi Kaicyū Binran, 1868) Illustrated book of physical sciences (訓蒙窮理図解 Kinmō Kyūri Zukai, 1868) Outline of the western art of war (洋兵明鑑 Yōhei Meikan, 1869) Pocket almanac of the world (掌中万国一覧 Shōcyū Bankoku-Ichiran, 1869) English parliament (英国議事院談 Eikoku Gijiindan, 1869) Sino-British diplomatic relations (清英交際始末 Shin-ei Kosai-shimatsu, 1869) All the countries of the world, for children written in verse (世界国尽 Sekai Kunizukushi, 1869) Daily lesson for children (ひびのおしえ Hibi no Oshie, 1871) - These books were written for Fukuzawa's first son Ichitarō and second son Sutejirō. Book of reading and penmanship for children (啓蒙手習の文 Keimō Tenarai-no-Fumi, 1871) Encouragement of learning (学問のすゝめ Gakumon no Susume, 1872–1876) Junior book of ethics with many tales from western lands (童蒙教草 Dōmō Oshie-Gusa, 1872) Deformed girl (かたわ娘 Katawa Musume, 1872) Explanation of the new calendar (改暦弁 Kaireki-Ben, 1873) Bookkeeping (帳合之法 Chōai-no-Hō, 1873) Maps of Japan for children (日本地図草紙 Nihon Chizu Sōshi, 1873) Elementary reader for children (文字之教 Moji-no-Oshie, 1873) How to hold a conference (会議弁 Kaigi-Ben, 1874) An Outline of a Theory of Civilization (文明論之概略 Bunmeiron no Gairyaku, 1875) Independence of the scholar's mind (学者安心論 Gakusya Anshinron, 1876) On the separation of powers (分権論 Bunkenron, 1877) Popular economics (民間経済録 Minkan Keizairoku, 1877) Collected essays of Fukuzawa (福澤文集 Fukuzawa Bunsyū, 1878) On currency (通貨論 Tsūkaron, 1878) Popular discourse on people's rights (通俗民権論 Tsūzoku Minkenron, 1878) Popular discourse on national rights (通俗国権論 Tsūzoku Kokkenron, 1878) Transition of people's way of thinking (民情一新 Minjyō Isshin, 1879) On the National Diet (国会論 Kokkairon, 1879) Commentary on the current problems (時事小言 Jiji Shōgen, 1881) On general trends of the times (時事大勢論 Jiji Taiseiron, 1882) On the imperial household (帝室論 Teishitsuron, 1882) On armament (兵論 Heiron, 1882) On moral training (徳育如何 Tokuiku-Ikan, 1882) On the independence of learning (学問之独立 Gakumon-no Dokuritsu, 1883) On the national conscription (全国徴兵論 Zenkoku Cyōheiron, 1884) Popular discourse on foreign diplomacy (通俗外交論 Tsūzoku Gaikōron, 1884) On Japanese womanhood (日本婦人論 Nihon Fujinron, 1885) On gentlemen's moral life (士人処世論 Shijin Syoseiron, 1885) On moral conduct (品行論 Hinkōron, 1885) On association of men and women (男女交際論 Nannyo Kosairon, 1886) On Japanese manhood (日本男子論 Nihon Nanshiron, 1888) On reverence for the Emperor (尊王論 Sonnōron, 1888) Future of the Diet; Origin of the difficulty in the Diet; Word on the public security; On land tax (国会の前途 Kokkai-no Zento; Kokkai Nankyoku-no Yurai; Chian-Syōgen; Chisoron, 1892) On business (実業論 Jitsugyōron, 1893) One hundred discourses of Fukuzawa (福翁百話 Fukuō Hyakuwa, 1897) Foreword to the collected works of Fukuzawa (福澤全集緒言 Fukuzawa Zensyū Cyogen, 1897) Fukuzawa sensei's talk on the worldly life (福澤先生浮世談 Fukuzawa Sensei Ukiyodan, 1898) Discourses of study for success (修業立志編 Syūgyō Rittishihen, 1898) Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi (福翁自伝 Fukuō Jiden, 1899) Reproof of "the essential learning for women"; New essential learning for women (女大学評論 Onnadaigaku Hyōron; 新女大学 Shin-Onnadaigaku, 1899) More discourses of Fukuzawa (福翁百余話 Fukuō Hyakuyowa, 1901) Commentary on the national problems of 1877; Spirit of manly defiance (明治十年丁丑公論 Meiji Jyūnen Teicyū Kōron; 瘠我慢の説 Yasegaman-no Setsu, 1901) English translations The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, with a foreword by Carmen Blacker, NY: Columbia University Press, 1980 [1966], ISBN 978-0-231-08373-7 The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, with a foreword by Albert M. Craig, NY: Columbia University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-231-13987-8 The Thought of Fukuzawa series, (Paperback) Keio University Press vol.1 福澤諭吉 (2008), An Outline of a Theory of Civilization, Translation by David A. Dilworth, G. Cameron Hurst, III, Keio University Press, ISBN 978-4-7664-1560-5 vol.2 福澤諭吉 (2012), An Encouragement of Learning, Translation by David A. Dilworth, Keio University Press, ISBN 978-4-7664-1684-8 vol.3 福澤諭吉 (2017), Fukuzawa Yukichi on Women and the Family, Edited and with New and Revised Translations by Helen Ballhatchet, Keio University Press, ISBN 978-4-7664-2414-0 Vol.4 The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi. Revised translation and with an introduction by Helen Ballhatchet.
Jiji Shinpō Keio-Gijuku University List of motifs on banknotes Nakae Chōmin Natsume Sōseki Susumu Nishibe Tsuneari Fukuda Yamamoto Tsunetomo Yukio Mishima Zenpuku-ji	時事新報 慶應義塾大学 紙幣のモチーフ一覧 中江兆民 夏目漱石 西部 邁 福田恒存 山本常朝 三島由紀夫 善福寺
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi

★福澤諭吉（日本語ウィキペディアからの引用）

リ ンク

• ︎▶︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎
  

文 献

• +++++
  

そ の他の情報

Copyleft, CC, Mitzub'ixi Quq Chi'j, 1996-2099

☆☆