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アクラシアとアタラクシア

Akrasia and Ataraxia

Schola Atheniensis (Italiane La scuola di Atene) est clarissima pictura muralis operis techtorii Romae inter annum 1510 et 1511

Palatio Apostolico in Vaticano, iussu papae Iulii II, a Raphaele Sanctio Urbinati picta.

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★アクラシア(Akrasia) とは、古代ギリシャ語 で、統御がとれないことを意味する言葉で、「意志の無さ」とか「そうしてはいけないのにやっちまうこと」を意味する。ある、小学校校長が、未成年の青年を 「買春」し、その後の、警察当局に捕まり、その事情聴取に対して「教職員に倫理的教育をする立場として違法だとわかっていたが、性的欲望を抑えられなかっ た」と述懐するのは、典型的なアクラシアである。以下の説明にあるように、プラトン『プロタゴラス』やアリストテレス『ニコマコス倫理学』などに登場す る。

『ニコマコス倫理学』(1145a)では、人間が避けるべき悪を、(1)悪徳(カキアー)、(2)抑制のなさ(アクラシアー)、(3)獣性 (テーリオテース)に分けている。

"Akrasia (/əˈkreɪziə/; Greek ἀκρασία, "lacking command"), occasionally transliterated as acrasia or Anglicised as acrasy or acracy, is described as a lack of self-control or the state of acting against one's better judgment. The adjectival form is "akratic".The problem goes back at least as far as Plato. In Plato's Protagoras Socrates asks precisely how it is possible that, if one judges action A to be the best course of action, one would do anything other than A?/ In the dialogue Protagoras, Socrates attests that akrasia does not exist, claiming "No one goes willingly toward the bad" (358d). If a person examines a situation and decides to act in the way he determines to be best, he will pursue this action, as the best course is also the good course, i.e. man's natural goal. An all-things-considered assessment of the situation will bring full knowledge of a decision's outcome and worth linked to well-developed principles of the good. A person, according to Socrates, never chooses to act poorly or against his better judgment; and, therefore, actions that go against what is best are simply a product of being ignorant of facts or knowledge of what is best or good." - Akrasia.

the Nicomachean Ethics.:"In VII.1–10 Aristotle investigates character traits—continence and incontinence—that are not as blameworthy as the vices but not as praiseworthy as the virtues. (We began our discussion of these qualities in section 4.) The Greek terms are akrasia (“incontinence”; literally: “lack of mastery”) and enkrateia (“continence”; literally “mastery”). An akratic person goes against reason as a result of some pathos (“emotion,” “feeling”). Like the akratic, an enkratic person experiences a feeling that is contrary to reason; but unlike the akratic, he acts in accordance with reason. His defect consists solely in the fact that, more than most people, he experiences passions that conflict with his rational choice. The akratic person has not only this defect, but has the further flaw that he gives in to feeling rather than reason more often than the average person...." https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/aristotle-ethics/#Akr

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☆アタラクシアとは、ストア哲学とりわけフィロン主義者において、心の平穏がとれた幸せな状態を意味することば。

Ataraxia (ἀταραξία)とは、心の平静不動なる状態のこと。 "unperturbedness", generally translated as "imperturbability", "equanimity", or "tranquility"

Pyrrhonism(フィロン主義者)

”Ataraxia is the central aim of Pyrrhonist practice. Pyrrhonists view ataraxia as necessary for bringing about eudaimonia (happiness) for a person,[3] representing life's ultimate purpose.[4] The Pyrrhonist method for achieving ataraxia is through achieving epoché (i.e., suspension of judgment) regarding all matters of dogma (i.e., non-evident belief). The Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus summarized Pyrrhonism as "a disposition to oppose phenomena and noumena to one another in any way whatever, with the result that, owing to the equipollence among the things and statements thus opposed, we are brought first to epoché and then to ataraxia... Epoché is a state of the intellect on account of which we neither deny nor affirm anything. Ataraxia is an untroubled and tranquil condition of the soul."[5]”- Ataraxia.

Epicureanism(エピクロス主義)

"Ataraxia is a key component of the Epicurean conception of the highest good.[7] Epicureans value ataraxia highly because of how they understand pleasure. Epicureans argue that pleasure is the highest good. They break pleasure down into two categories: the physical and the mental.[7] They consider mental, not physical, pleasures to be greatest sort of pleasure because physical pleasures exist only in the present; whereas mental pleasures exist in the past, the present, and the future.[8]"- Ataraxia.

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