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ウィリアム・マクニール『疫病と世界史』索引（ペーパーバック版）

池田光穂

このページは、ウィリアム・マクニール『疫病と世界 史 （上） （下）』佐々木昭夫訳、（中公文庫）、中央公論新社、2007年の原著、Plagues and peoples / William H. McNeill, Garden City, N.Y. : Anchor Press , 1976の、英語ペーパバック版の索引をOCRで読み取り、テキストファイルで提供するものです。日本語版には索引がありませんので、英語のこの索引を活 用することで、この本の読解が格段に進むことでしょう。

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【文献資料】

【『銃・病原菌・鉄』章の構成】

• イントロダクション
• 第１章　I: Man the Hunter
• 第２章　II: Breakthrough to History
  
• 第３章　III: Confluence of the Civilized Disease Pools of Eurasia: 500 B.C. to A.D. 1200
• 第４章　IV: The Impact of the Mongol Empire on Shifting Disease Balances, 1200-1500
• 第５章　V: Transoceanic Exchanges, 1500-1700
  
• 第６章　VI: The Ecological Impact of Medical Science and Organization since 1700
• Appendix
• Notes
• Index
  

索 引（ページ内、文字検索を実行してください）

Ablution pools, 46, 236
Aedes aegypti, 213-15
Afghanistan, 109
Africa, circumnavigation of (by
Europeans), 195
Agriculture, beginnings of, 37-49;
irrigation, 43-44> 45; multiple
cropping, 90; slash-and-burn
cultivation, 42, 47; weeding, 37
Ainu people, 143
Akkadian empire, 64, 77
Alcan highway, opening of, 204-5
Alexander the Great, 78, 91, 103
Alexandria, 136
Ali, Mehemet, 277
Alpacas, 201
Al-Razi (physician), 117
Amerindians, 39,42,72, 121, 170,
240, 245; transoceanic exchanges,
and (1500-1700), 199-216
Amherst, Lord Jeffrey, 251
Anatolian plateau, 160
Ancient hunters. See Breakthrough
to history, disease and
Anglo-Saxons, 128
Anne, Queen, 254
Anopheles gambiae, 47, 48
Antarctica, 27
Anthrax, bacilli of, 267
Antibiotics, 155, 168; development
of, 283-84
Antibodies, 23, 49, 54, 105, 108
Anti-clericalism, 185
Antioch, 136
Antonine plague of 165-80,
116-17
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 184
Arabia, 127, 263
Arbo-viruses, 16
Argentina, 153, 155, 157, 161
Army medical corps, beginning of,
27°
Art, 183
Arthropod-borne viruses, 16
"Asian" fiu, 289
Assyrian empire, 77, 80
Astrakhan, 151
Atabrine, 280, 286
Augustus, Emperor, 1°4, 114, 119
Australia, 27, 28,' 126; mbbits in,
56-57, 58, 170, 250
Avicenna, 236-37
Aztec Indians, 1-2, 13,200, 207,
208
Babylon, 44, 77, 79
Bacilli in milk, 279
Bacteriology, techniques of
(1890S), 152-53
Barcelona, yellow fever outbreak of
1822, 266
Bats, 52
Bay of Bengal, 90, 112
Belgian Congo, 48
Belgium, 259
Beloch, 104
Bengal, cholera epidemic of 1826,
263
Bering Strait, 27
Bible, 7‾0, 81, 107, 126-27,
145, 186
Bilharzia parasites, 137, 236
Black Death, 3, 4, 127, 142, 143,
147,156,159, 163, 165-69, 175,
176, 187; economic impact of,
83-84; mortality rates, 166,
168, 169; propagation of,
166-68; spread of (map), 167
"Black rats," 124-26, 134
Black Sea, 97, 99, 102, 171, 187
Bleeding, practice of (for fevers),
236
Blood fluke, life cycle of, 44
Board of Health (New York City),
273
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 183
Boer War (1899-1902), 284
Bohemia, 64, 168
Bombay, plague of 1898, 153
Book of Exodus, 79
Brahmaputra River valley, 92
Brazil, 57
Breakthrough to history, disease
and, 35-'76; adjusbnent between
host and parasite, 57-62;
agriculture, 37-49; childhood
diseases, 50-51; civilized
societies, 62-76; climatic
changes, 35; death rates, 66-67;
domesticated plants and animals,
36-37, 51-56; extinction of
large-bodied animals, 35-36;
flooding and plowing, 38-39;
food chain, 37-40; hyperDUertatiO‾
40-41; Urigation
farming, 43-44, 45; linguistic
shifts, 44; population flow, 62-
67; slash-and-bum cultivation,
42, 47; viral infection, 49-50
Brethren of the Common Life, 184
Bubonic plague, 12, 80, 81, 107,
123-27, 134, 151,244, 255;
among burrowing rodents, 52;
biblical texts and, 126-27; in
nineteenth and twentieth
century, 151-58; pneumonic
form of, 124; rats and, 124-26
Buddha, 91, 95
Buddhism, 94, 136-47, 139, 140,
194
Buenos Aires, 153
Bukhara, 256
Burma, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164
Burrowing rodents, 52, 125, 126; of
Eurasian steppe, 151-52; gene
exchanges, 154
Caffa, 151, 166
Cairo, cholera epidemic of 1831,
261
Calcutta, cholera epidemic of 1817,
262
California, 153, 157, 161
California ground squirrels, 153
Calvinism, 221
Canada, 154, 210, 263
Canadian Indians, 61
Canine distemper, 51
Canton: arrival of Portuguese in
( 1505), 218; plague outbreak of
1894> 152-53, 156
Caraka, 236-37
Caravan trade, 110-12, 151, 196,
255
Carthage, 102, 103
Caste system (India), 94
Catarrhal jaundice, 204
Catherine the Great, 252
Cattle, 52, 55, 101, 107, 201, 247,
283; number of diseases humans
share with, 51
Cayapo Indians, 204, 205
Central Board of Health (Great
Britain), 271-73
Ceremonial bathing, 46
Ceylon, 263
Cha, Dr. Joseph, 228
Chadwick, Edwin, 272
Chaldean empire, 77
Charlemagne, 139
Charles VIII, King, 218
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 183
Chekiang province (China), 134
Chervin, Nicholas, 266
Chicken pox, 13, 49-50
Chien-wu, Emperor, 133
Childhood diseases, 50-51, 61, 62,
63, 117, 130, 141, 180, 202
China, # 67, 79, 91, 228-29;
breakdown of imperial
administration, 135; Buddhism,
136-37; climatic differences in,
86; compared to India (first
millennium B.C.), 95-<)6;
Confucian culture in, 84; early
Christian centuries, 132-40;
epidemics in, 132, 293-301;
humanoid hunters in, 25;
marmot trappers, 155-56,
160-61; medical science and
(since 1700), 236-37, 240,
241-# 246, 253, 254, 262, 278;
micro- and macroparasitic
balances (500 B.C. to A.D. 1200),
81-<)0, 95-<)6, 98, 100, 104-5,
106, 107, 109-11, 113, 115, 125,
131-40, 145; millet farmers, 39,
42; Mongol conquest of
(1213-'79), 162-63; Mongol
empire and (1200-1500), 149,
150, 151, 152-53, 156, 159,
162-63, 164, 187, 190, 194, 196;
population decay, 134-35;
population estimate (Han
Dynasty), 104-5; trade, 110, Ill;
Warring States epoch of
(403-221 B.C.), 87
Cholera, 46, 92, 107, 271; germ
theory of, 267; impact of medical
science on (since 1700), 261-67,
271-73, 277-78, 287, 289;
sanitary water and sewage
systems, 272-75; spread of
(nineteenth century), 262-64;
symptoms of, 261
Christianity, 136; advantage over
pagans, 121-22; missionaries, 2,
208, 210, 211; rise and
consolidation of, 121-23
Civilized societies, disease and (st>o
B.C. to A.D. 1200),77-147;
biblical texts, 79-80, 107,
126-27; breakthrough to history
(before 500 B.C.), 62-76;
Christian centuries, 109-47; first
millennium B.C., 77-109; Ganges
Valley, 82, 90-<)2, 112;
Mediterranean coastland, 82,
96-104, 107, 109, 123; Middle
East, 77-81, 98, 99,104, 107,
110, 114, 143, 145; northern
Europe, 128-29, 138; population
(Roman world and Han China),
104-5; religious doctrines,
121-23, 136-37, 139; sea
contacts, 112; trade development,
110-15, 124, 146; Yangtze
Valley region, 85-87, 88, 89, 90,
137; Yellow River flood plain,
81-85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 137
Clothes, invention of, 26-27
Columbus, Christopher, 177, 199,
200, 203, 211, 219, 231
Confucianism, 94, 139, 244
Confucius, 84> 91, 94
Constantinople, 127, 253
Cook, Captain James, 268
Cortez, Hernando, 1, 2, 4, 204,
207
"Coughing violence" (Japan), 140,
209
Counter-Reformation, 185
Cowpox, 51
Creighton, Charles, 141-42
Crimea, the, 151, 166, 191, 194
Crimean War (18)4-56),284
Curiales, 119""20
Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, 122
Cyprus, 102, 220
Da Gama, Vasco, 218
"Dance of Death" (art theme),
183
David, King, 79
Dengue fever, 89,92, 137, 236
Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane
(DDT), 282, 286
Diocletian, Emperor, 118
Dionysos, 99
Diptheria, 145, 210, 279
Dogs, )1, 201-2
Don-Volga region, 1)1-52
Drinking water, 42, 100, 128, 269
Dysentery, 80, 128, 2°4, 284
Ecological balance, disease and:
ancient humans, 15-33;
breakthrough to history, 35-76;
civilized societies (500 B.C. to
A.D. 1200), 77-147; impact of
Mongol empire (1200-1500),
149""98; medical science (since
1700), 235-<}l; transoceanic
exchanges (1500-1700),
199""234
Egypt, 43, 44, 45, 71-72, 77, 78,
79, 91, 100, 105, 123; cholera
outbreaks of 1883, 277-78;
Mameluke rule, 187-88
Egyptian land bridge, l'2.7
Elizabeth I, Queen, 143
England. See Great Britain
"English sweats," 218, 221-22
Epic of Gilgamesh, 79
Epidemic of 430-429 B.C.
(Greece), 105-6
Epidemic of 387 B.C., 115-16
Epidemic of A.D. 65, 116
Ethiopia, 105
Flagellants, 182
Fleas, l'2., 13, 16, 124, 125, 134,
1)3,1)4, 159
Floods and Hooding, 37-38, 39
Fracastoro, Girolamo, 265
France, 104, 117, 141, 143, 145,
181, 220, 248
Franco-Prussian War, 285
Frank, Johann Peter, 269, 270
Frederick II, Emperor, 252
Fungi, 16
Galen, 89, 117, 236, 237, 239
Ganges Valley, 82, 90-92, 112
Genghis Khan, 150
Germanic tribes, 128, 129
German measles, 204
Germany, 24, 141, 186, 259
Giotto, 183
Gray rat, 173
Great Britain, 141-43, 145, 168,
181, 241-42, 246-48, 263,
271-73; cholera outbreak
(1832), 271; epidemic outbreaks
(A.D. 526 and 1087), 128;
population (1086-1690), 142;
population decay, 169""70;
smallpox inoculation (l770s),
249-50; urbanization of, 249
Great Fire of London (1666), 172
Great Plague of London (1665),
172
Greece, 92, 282; ancient trade, 98,
112; emergence of, 96-<}7;
epidemic of 430-429 B.C., 105-6;
grain farming, 99; micro- and
macroparasitic balances (500
B.C. to A.D. 1200),96-104,
105-6, 112; population
expansion, 103-4; urban centers,
97; warfare, 102-3, 106
Gregory of Tours, 117
Guatemala, 207
Guinea pig, 202
Hamburg, cholera outbreak of
1892, 273-74
Han Dynasty, 83-84, 85, 87, 90,
104-5, 106, 113, 135, 136
Hansen, Armauer, 175
Hansen's disease, 175-77, 179""80
Hapsburg family, 64, 254
Havana, yellow fever outbreak of
1648, 213
Hedonism, 184
Henry VII, King, 221
Hinduism, 74, 94, 144; religious
pilgrimages, 262; washing ritual,
46
Hippocrates, 100, 102, 105, 117,
265
Hippocratic tradition, 238
Hispaniola, 207, 211; smallpox
outbreak of 1518, 206
History of Epidemics in Britain, A
(Creighton), 141-42
Hittite empire, 77
Hogs, 46
Hong Kong, 153; Hu of 1957, 289;
plague outbreak of 1894, 152-)3,
156
Hopei, epidemic of 1331, 162
Horses, ", 201; number of diseases
humans share with, 51
Hottentots, 217, 227
Humanoid populations, disease and
(pre-history), 15-33; African
savanna, 15-27; breakthrough to
history, 35-76; cultural
adaptation and invention, 26-27;
development of skills and
weapons, 18-19; evolutionary
development, 15, 18-22;
extinction of largltbodied
animals, 29""30; food chain, 15,
17-18, 22; invention of clothing,
26-27; language development,
19-20; pre-humanoid population,
15-19; in temperate zones,
18-33; wild primate populations,
16
Humoral theory of disease, 11 7
Hundred Years' War, 181
Hungary, 64
Hyperinfestation, 40-41
Inca Indians, 1-2, 13, 207
India, 46, 73-75, 152, 153, 159,
163, 187, 189, 190, 191, 196,
197, 228, 235, 253, 274, 278,
289; Aryan invasions of, 73, 93;
caste system, 74-75, 94;
compared to China (first
millennium B.C.), 95-96; Gupta
age (A.D. 320-535), 115; microand
macroparasitic balances
(500 B.C. to A.D. 1200), 90-95,
96, 98, 99, 100," 104, 106-7, 108,
109, 113, 114, 124, 125, 127,
143; Mughal conquest of
(1526-1605), 230; smallpox
deity, 144; trade, 114, 124; warm
climate conditions in, 106-7
Indian black rats, 124-26, 128
Indian Ocean, 112, 123, 127, 143
Indonesia, 92, 112, 263
Indus River valley, 43, 78, 91
Industrial revolution, 242
Infectious disease: concepts of,
5-14; introduction to, 1-14. See
also Ecological balance, disease
and; names of disease
InHuenza, 13, 51, 80, 128, 145,
207, 214
InHuenza epidemic of 1918-19,
209,288-89
International Office of Public
Hygiene, 287
Ionian revolt of 499, 98
Iran (Persia), 143-44, 191,253,
263
Ireland, 128, 130,245-46,259
Irrigation farming, 43-44, 78, 87,
91
Islamic missionaries, 146-47
Issyk Kul, 165
Italian wars of 1494-1559,218,
226
Italy, 92, 141, 168, 186, 220
Japan, 25. 132• 139-40. 141, 142•
143. 228. 229-30. 263
Jenner. Dr. Edward, 251. 270
Jerusalem. 80. 136
Jesuit missionaries. 210. 279
Jews. 45. 79-80. 182
Judah (ancient). 79-80
Justinian, Emperor. 124. 127. 135.
156• 159. 166
Kalmuks, 195
Karakorum. 150-51
Kassite empire, 77
Kazan. 151. 256
Khanbaliq.151
Koch. Robert, 152-53.267. 278.
283
Ko Hung, 133
Korea. 140. 143
Kublai Khan. 163
Kwangtung province. 144
Langland. William. 183
Language. evolutionary
development of, 19-20
Las Casas, Bartoleme de, 206
Lassa fever, 53. 289
League of Nations. 287
Leprosaria, 175. 177. 179. 180
Leprosy, 46. 144-45, 170, 283,
287; decline of. 175-77
Libya, 105. 123
Lice, 12, 13
"Limeys." 268
Lind, Dr. James, 268-69
Livy. 115-16
Llamas. 201
Lollards (religious sect). 184-85
Louisiana Territory. 266
Louis XV, King. 250, 252
Lower California, peninsula of, 210
Luther. Martin, 1a5, 221, 222
Lutheran Church, 221
Macao, 256
Magna Graecia. 92
Malaria. 10-12, 44, 47. 89, 92,
100-1, 102, 137, 224, 236, 265;
in the Amazon, 212; geography
of, 16; impact of medical science
on (since 17°0), 279-80.
282-83. 287; transoceanic
exchanges (15°0-17°0), 211-13,
214, 215
Malarial plasmodium, 10-11, 16,
47
Malaya. 235-36. 243
Mamelukes, 187-88
Manchu Dynasty, 156. 194-95.
229. 232. 240
Manchuria, 125. 151. 158. 159.
160, 161, 187. 194. 195, 235;
plague outbreaks of 1911 and
1921, 155. 168
Mandan Indians. 205
Marcus Aurelius, Emperor, 113
Marmots, 155-56
Marseilles, plague of 1720-21. 171,
265
Massachusetts Bay Colony. 210
Maurya, Chandragupta, 91
Measles. 12, 13, 51. 80, 105,
117-18, 128. 129. 134. 135, 144.
145. 180; propagation pattern of,
60. 62; transoceanic exchanges
(1500-17°0). 204, 2°9, 210
Medical science, ecological impact
of (since 17°°). 235-90;
agriculture productivity, 245-48;
biological research (since 1940s),
287--<) 1; customs and beliefs,
235-36; demographic relation
between city and country,
275-77; international
co-operation, 277. 287-88;
medical professionalism. 237-40;
military medicine, 269-71.
284-86; population. 240-45,
259; religious pilgrimages, 236.
262, 263-64> 278; urban growth,
260, 275-77; urban sanitation,
267-68; water-sewage systems,
272-75
Mediterranean coastline. micro- and
macroparasitic balances (5°°
B.C. to A.D. 1200), 82, 96-104>
107, 109. 123
Mekong River valley, 92
Meningitis. 61, 204
Mesopotamia, 43. 64, 71-72• 77,
78• 91• 114, 116, 143-44. 263
Mexico. 1-2,75. 147. 154, 203,
205-6. 252, 263; measles
outbreak (1530-31), 209;
population decay. 204; smallpox
outbreak (1520), 207;
transoceanic exchanges
(1500-1700), 201, 202. 203,
205. 207, 210-11. 214
Mice, 40. 51
Middle East, micro- and
macroparasitic balances (500
B.C. to A.D. 1200), 77-81, 98•
99. 104. 107. 110. 114. 143.
145. See also names of countries
Ming Dynasty, 163. 229. 232
Missionaries. 92. 146; Buddhist,
140; Christian, 2, 208, 210, 211;
Islamic, 146-,47
Mites, 16
Mittanian empire, 77
Mongol empire. disease balances
and (1200-15°0). 149--<)8; Black
Death, 165-69; conquest of
China (1213-79), 162-63;
consequences for Asia and Africa.
187--<)8; decline of leprosy,
175-77; nineteenth and
twentieth century, 151-58,160;
population, 1.50. 180-81;
psychological, economic, and
cultural consequences. 182-87;
quarantine rules. 170-71, 175;
rents and taxes. 181; retreat from
China (1368), 191; syphilis
outbreak (fifteenth century).
177-78; trade. 151. 164-65. 196;
woolen textile industry. 178-80
Mongolia, 161, 162. 164, 193. 194>
195. 245
Monkeys, 16. 52-53, 211
Montagu. Lady Mary Wortley,
253-54
Montezuma, Emperor, 1, 75-76,
207
Morocco, 264
Moscow, plague of 1771, 244
Moses, 79
Moslents, 45-46. 146-47
Mosquitoes, 11, 16,47, 89. 101.
137,212-15.235; DDT-resistant
strains of. 282
Muhammad (Prophet), 188-89
Multiple cropping agriculture, 90
Mumps, 13, 51, 100, 140,204,210
Muscat, 263
Mysticism, religious, 184-85
Myxomatosis. 57-58, 170
Napoleonic wars, 252. 259, 266
Napoleon I, 188, 252, 259, 266,
285
Neanderthal man,26
Nepal, 263
Nestorians, 164-65
Nigeria, 48, 53, 289
Nova Scotia, 210
Novgorod, 150
Olduvai Gorge, 15, 26
O'nyong nyong fever, 52-53, 55,
289
Orthogenic evolution, 19
Ottoman empire, 189, 197, 242
Paleolithic hunting bands, 32
Palestine, 72, 102
Panama Canal, 280-81
Paraguay, 210
Parasitism, concept of, 5-14;
disease and, 8-14; reciprocity
between food and, 5-7
Pasteur, Louis, 152-53, 267
Pasteurization, 279
Pasteurella pestis, 12, 125-26,
149-<)8; mutant form of, 173-74
Pasteurella pseudo-tuberculosis,
173-74
Pellagra, 202
Peloponnesian League, 106
Peloponnesian War, 103
Penicillin, 286
Persian empire, 77, 78, 80, 98
Peru, 1-2,43, 75, 147, 203, 259;
measles outbreak (1530-31),
209; transoceanic exchanges
(1500-17°0),201,202,203,
205. 211, 214
Philippines, 243, 252, 256
Philistines, 79, 126
PhyUox£ra, 200
Pigs, number of diseases humans
share with, 51
Pilgrims, 210
Pirenne, Henri, 128
Pizarro, Francisco, 1, 203, 207
Plague, 45, 79, 116, 128, 134,
143-44, 145, 188-<)0, 224, 227,
287; Mongol empire and
(1200-1500 ), 149-<)8;
nineteenth and twentieth
century, 151-58, 160. See also
Black Death; Bubonic plague
Plague of Justinian (542-43),
123-24
Plant louse. 200
Plasmodium falciparum, 10-11
Plowing, invention of, 38-39
Poland, 168, 181, 182
Poliomyelitis, 221, 288.
Polish revolt of 1830-31, 263
Polo, Marco, 150, 163
Pork, Jewish and Moslem
prohibition of, 45-46
Potato famine of 1840s, 259
Poultry, number of diseases humans
share with, 51
Procopius, 123-24, 127
Pulmonary tuberculosis, 176-77
Quarantine, 170-71, 172, 175,238,
261,265-66,269,287
Quartan malaria, 100
Quinchona tree, 279
Quinine, 279-80
Rabbits, in Australia, 56-57, 58,
170, 250
Rabies, among bats, 52
Ragusa, quarantine regulations of
1465, 170
Rats, 12, 13, 40, 134, 159; bubonic
plague and, 124-26; number of
diseases humans share with, 51
Rats, Lice and History (Zinsser), 4
Red Sea, 112, 123, 127
Reed, Walter, 280
Religious dietary laws, 45-46
Religious pilgrimages, 236, 262,
263-64,278
Rhodesia, 48
Rinderpest, 51, 52, 55
Rise of the West, The: A History
of the Human Community
(McNeill), 1
Roch, St., 186
Rockefeller Foundation, 281-82,
287
Rodents. See names of rodents
Rogers, Thorold, 183-84
Roman Catholic Church, 185-86
Roman empire: Antonine plague,
116-17; epidemics, 115-16;
imperial system of, 119; microand
macroparasitic balances
(500 B.C. to A.D. 1200),96-104,
105,115-20, 123, 127, 134, 145;
military uprisings and civil wars
(third century A.D.), 119-20;
population decay, 116, 118-19,
120; population estimate (A.D.
14), 104; trade, III
Royal Society, 250, 254
Rufus of Ephesus, 123
Russia, 151-52, 168, 191, 194>
196, 244-45
Russo-Japanese War (1904-6),
284
Salween River valley, 92, 152, 160
Samarcand, 191, 256
San Francisco, 153, 154
Santo Domingo, 266
Scarlet fever, 221
SChistosomiasis,.46, 89-<)0; ancient
distribution of, 44-45; cause of,
44; transmission of, 12
Scurvy, 231, 26‾
Sennacherib, King, 80
Shantung province, 134
Sheep and goats, 51, 55
Shingles, 49-50
Siberia, 151
Sicily, 92 ‾
Sickle-cell gene, 47
Silk Road, Ill, 151
Sioux Indians, 205
Slavery, 214-15
Slav tribes, 128, 129
Sleeping sickness, 20-21,48;
transmission of, 12
Smallpox, 2, 12, 13, 51, 57, 80, 94,
105, 106, 107, 116, 117-18, 128,
129, 133, 134> 135, 140, 141,
145, 189, 245; deity (India),
144; impact of medical science
on (since 1700), 249-56, 283,
284-85, 287; transoceanic
exchanges (1500-1700), 206-8,
209,210
Smallpox inoculation, 249-56, 278;
in American colonies, 251;
pUblic opposition to, 250; in
Turkey, 252-53, 254
Smyrna, port of, 159-60
Snails, 12, 44
Snow, Dr. John, 266-67
South Africa, 126, 157, 165; rodent
communities of, 153, 155
South China Sea, 86, 112
Spain, 104, 181; plague outbreaks
(seventeenth century), 171-72
Spanish-American War (1898),
280
Sparta (ancient), 106
Ssu-ma Ch'ien, 88
Ssu-ma Kuang, 132, 135
Sticker, Georg, 126
StOicism, 12 3
Strabo (geographer), 114
Sulfa drugs, 287
Sumer, 44, 62, 64
Sung Dynasty, 132, 137-38
Synod of Whitby (664), 128
Syphilis, 61, 177-78, 180, 239,
287; transoceanic exchanges
(I,Oo-I700), 200, 218-20, 221,
228
Syria, 72, 102, 110,111,1,1, 187,
263
Tanganyika, 48
Tartars, 194
Tertian malaria, 100
Tetanus, 284-85
Thasos, island of, 100
Thatch-roof houses, 172
Thucydides, 10,-6, 107
Tibet, 194
Ticks, 16
Tierra del Fuego, 27
Timur the Lame, 191-92
Tonsillitis, 204
Toussaint L'Ouverture, Pierre
Dominique, 266
Trade, 67-68, 70, 98, 110-1" 124,
146, 1,1, 1,9-60, 164, 16" 196
Transcendentalism, 94
Transoceanic exchanges, disease
and (1,00-1700), 199-234;
Mrica, 217-18; American food
crops, 231-32; Amerindians,
19<)-216; animal species, 201-2;
Asia, 228-31; Christian
missionaries, 208, 210, 211;
civilized populations, 216-17,
218-33; food plants, 200;
imperial governments, 232-34;
malaria and yellow fever, 211-1,;
measles, 204, 209, 210;
population decay, 204-"
21,-16; slavery in the Caribbean,
214-1,; smallpox, 206-8, 209,
210; syphilis, 200, 218-20, 221,
228; typhus, 218, 220-21; urban
growth in Europe, 226-27
Txypanosomes, 20-21
Tsetse flies, 12, 21
Tuberculosis, 13, 61,145.176-77,
180; bacilli of, 267; impact of
medical science on (since 1700),
283-84
Turkey, 2,2-,3, 2,4, 263
Tuscany, 166
Typhoid, 80, 128, 274, 279, 284
"Typhoid Mary," 49
Typhus, 4, 209, 2,9, 28" 287;
transmission of, 12; transoceanic
exchanges (1,00-1700),218,
220-21
Uganda,48, ,2-,3, 289
Uighurs, 136
Ukraine, 12" 1,9, 160, 187, 193,
194, 244
Urban sanitation, 267-68
Uzbek villages, 191
Valois fanilly, 219
Venice, quarantine regulations of
148,,170
Vikings, 121, 129
Virgin populations, 127, 131, 141,
144, 209; epidemic invasions of,
120-21
Wales, 128
Wardi, Ibn al-, 163
Warfare, 53-)5, 70,98, 102-3,
104, 236. See also names of wars
Washington, George, 22,
Water-sewage systems, 272-7,
Weevils, 40
Whooping cough, 13, ,I, 204
William of Rubruck, 1,0-,1
Woolen textile industry, 178-80
World Health Organization
(WHO), 282, 283, 287
World War I, 220, 28" 290; food
rationing, 286
World War II, 278, 280, 28,-86,
290; food rationing, 286-87
Worms, 16, 20
Wu-ti, Emperor, 84
Xerxes, 78
Yangtze Valley, 8,-87, 88, 89,90,
137
Yaws, 177, 180,218, 219
"Yellow Church" of Lamaistic
Buddhism, 194
Yellow fever, ,2, 211, 266, 280-82;
impact of medical science on
(since 1700),280-82,287;
transoceanic exchanges
(1500-1700),213-1,
"Yellow Jack," 214
Yemen, 46, 236
Yu, Fujikawa, 230
Yucatan, yellow fever outbreak of
1648,213
Yung-hui, Emperor, 133
Yunnan, 1,8, 160, 161, 162, 164,
190
Zinsser, Hans, 4
Zwingli, Ulrich, 221, 222

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