ウィリアム・エドワード・ブルーグハート・デュボイス

William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois, 1868-1963

デュボイス

1868　William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, to Alfred and Mary Silvina (née Burghardt) Du Bois

1894　 Du Bois received several job offers, including one from the prestigious Tuskegee Institute; he accepted a teaching job at Wilberforce University in Ohio

1896　Du Bois accepted a one-year research job from the University of Pennsylvania as an "assistant in sociology" in the summer of 1896

1897　While taking part in the American Negro Academy (ANA) in 1897, Du Bois presented a paper in which he rejected Frederick Douglass's plea for black Americans to integrate into white society. Du Bois left Philadelphia and took a professorship in history and economics at the historically black Atlanta University in Georgia.

1899　He performed sociological field research in Philadelphia's African-American neighborhoods, which formed the foundation for his landmark study, The Philadelphia Negro, published in 1899 while he was teaching at Atlanta University.

1900　Du Bois attended the First Pan-African Conference, held in London from July 23 to 25.

1901　Du Bois wrote a review critical of Washington's autobiography Up from Slavery, which he later expanded and published to a wider audience as the essay "Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others" in The Souls of Black Folk.

1903　In an effort to portray the genius and humanity of the black race, Du Bois published The Souls of Black Folk (1903), a collection of 14 essays.

1905　Du Bois and several other African-American civil rights activists – including Fredrick L. McGhee, Jesse Max Barber and William Monroe Trotter – met in Canada, near Niagara Falls

1906　Two calamities in the autumn of 1906 shocked African Americans, and contributed to strengthening support for Du Bois's struggle for civil rights to prevail over Booker T. Washington's accommodationism. First, President Teddy Roosevelt dishonorably discharged 167 black soldiers because they were accused of crimes as a result of the Brownsville Affair. Many of the discharged soldiers had served for 20 years and were near retirement.

1909　In addition to writing editorials, Du Bois continued to produce scholarly work at Atlanta University. In 1909, after five years of effort, he published a biography of abolitionist John Brown. In May 1909, Du Bois attended the National Negro Conference in New York. The meeting led to the creation of the National Negro Committee, chaired by Oswald Villard, and dedicated to campaigning for civil rights, equal voting rights, and equal educational opportunities.

1910　The following spring, in 1910, at the second National Negro Conference, the attendees created the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

1911　社会党入党

1912　ウィルソン大統領を支持、社会党を離党。

1915　「黒人」の出版

1919　第１回パン・アフリカ会議（パリ）

1920　ダーク・ウォーター出版

1921　マーカス・ガーヴェイ批判を開始。第２回パン・アフリカ会議（ロンドン、ブリュッセル、パリ）

1922　ダイア＝反リンチ法キャンペーン

1926　ソビエト訪問

1934　アトランタ大学社会学部長

1936　ソ連、満州、中国、日本を歴訪。

1940　『夜明けの薄闇（Dusk of Dawn）』を出版

1941　南部黒人の社会学的研究を提唱

1944　アトランタ大学を辞職。NAACPに復帰

1945　「有色人種と民主主義」を出版

1950　世界平和情報センターを創設し、所長となる。

1963　ガーナ市民権を取得し、米国籍を放棄、同年8月27日死亡

■二重意識論　Double consciousness, by W.E.B. Du Bois

"After the Egyptian and Indian, the Greek and Roman, the Teuton and Mongolian, the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with second-sight in this American world a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world. It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his twoness,̶an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.

「エジプト人とインド人、ギリシャ人とローマ人、チュートン人とモンゴール人につづいて、黒人は、このアメリカの世界に、ヴェールを背負い、未来を見とおす目をもって生まれでた、いわば第七の息子であった。アメリカの世界——それは、黒人に真の自我意識をすこしも与えてはくれず、自己をもうひとつの世界（白人世界）の啓示を通してのみ見ることを許してくれる世界である。この二重意識、このたえず自己を他者の目によってみるという感覚、軽蔑と憐びんを楽しみながら傍観者として眺めているもう一つの世界の巻尺で自己の魂をはかっている感覚、このような感覚は、一種特殊なものである。彼はいつでも自己の二重性を感じている。——アメリカ人であることと黒人であること。二つの魂、二つの思想、二つの調和することのなき向上への努力、そして一つの黒い身体のなかでたたかっている二つの理想。しかｓも、その身体を解体から防いでいるものは、頑健な体力だけなのである」W.E.B. デュボイス『黒人のたましい』木島始, 鮫島重俊, 黄寅秀訳、岩波文庫、Pp.15-16、岩波書店。

“It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his two-ness, an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.

The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife- this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. In this merging he wishes neither of the older selves to be lost. He does not wish to Africanize America, for America has too much to teach the world and Africa. He wouldn’t bleach his Negro blood in a flood of white Americanism, for he knows that Negro blood has a message for the world. He simply wishes to make it possible for a man to be both a Negro and an American without being cursed and spit upon by his fellows, without having the doors of opportunity closed roughly in his face”

Du Bois, W. E. B. (1903). The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Dover Publications.

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