The three axioms for the modern research ethics
When I lecture on Research Ethics for young and old friends, I will first confirm our three axioms.
When we conduct any kind of research , we need profess at least three objectives before both our colleagues and public;
1. We need our general trust between researchers,
2. We should maintain norms that our society has given as professional sincerity, and
3. Through our daily activity, we have been expected to conduct righteously for the public.
These objectives are same as norms and/or rules, because the social problems will be occurred without these requisiteness.
+1. We will lost trust between our colleagues,
+2. Professionals may ordinarily misconduct, and
+3. Through private profit pursuit, we will forget the presence of the public.
Then what kinds of social problems will be come with these insincerity.
++1. Not only that we researchers distrust each other, but that society also might distrust us,
++2. Society will lost the capacities against misconducts by researchers, and
++3.
The victims will be produced by researchers'' misconducts, and also the
stereotypes of evil scientists will be distributed.
That is the reason why I would give you lectures on Research Ethics in English in my class.
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There are various types of scientific misconduct...
1) Falsification, KAIZAN in Japanese (改竄)
2) Fabrication, NETSUZO in Japanese (捏造)
3) Plagiarism, HYOSETSU in Japanese (剽窃)
4) Data theft, DETA NO SETTOU (データの窃盗)
5) Gift authorship, MEIGI-GASHI in Japanese (名義貸し)
6) Honorary authorship, MIIYO-CHOSHA in Japanese (名誉著者)
and othes.
The US Office of Research Integrity and other institutions define these words of misconducts mentioned below.
1) Falsification
is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or
changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not
accurately represented in the research record.
2) Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them.
3) Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.
4) Data theft
is the act of stealing information stored on computers, servers, or
other devices from an unknowing victim with the intent to compromise
privacy or obtain confidential information.
5) Gift authorship'
is one of the most common kinds of unethical behaviour seen in academic
publishing. In this practice, an author is added to a paper when they
have not actually made a contribution to the work, perhaps to reward a
collaborator, return a favour, or for some other gain.
6) Honorary authorship,
also known as guest authorship, occurs when a person is listed as an
author who has not provided any significant assistance to the study.
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