The Republic of Ezo (蝦夷共和國, Ezo Kyōwakoku) was a short-lived separatist state established in 1869 by a part of the former military of the Tokugawa shogunate on the island of Ezo, now known as Hokkaido, at the end of the Bakumatsu period in Japan. It is notable for being the first government to attempt to institute democracy in Japan, though voting was allowed only to the samurai caste. The Republic of Ezo existed for only 5 months before being conquered by the newly established Empire of Japan.

戊辰戦争（ぼしんせんそう、慶応4年 / 明治元年〈1868年 [2]〉 - 明治2年〈1869年〉）は、王政復古を経て新政府を樹立した明治天皇側（薩摩藩・長州藩・土佐藩らを中核とした新政府軍）と、旧幕府軍・奥羽越列藩同 盟・蝦夷共和国（幕府陸軍・幕府海軍）が戦った日本最大の内戦[3]。名称は慶応4年/明治元年の干支が戊辰であることに由来する。明治天皇側（新政府 軍）が勝利し、国内に他の交戦団体が消滅したことにより、列強が条約による内戦への局外中立を解除し、これ以降、同政府が日本を統治する合法政府として国 際的に認められることとなった[4]。

The Boshin War (戊辰戦争, Boshin Sensō, lit. "War of the Year of the Yang Earth Dragon"), sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a civil war in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the Imperial Court. When the Boshin War began, Japan was already modernizing, following the same course of advancement as that of the industrialized Western nations. Since Western nations, especially the United Kingdom and France, were deeply involved in the country's politics, the installation of Imperial power added more turbulence to the conflict. Over time, the war has been romanticized as a "bloodless revolution", as the number of casualties was small relative to the size of Japan's population. However, conflicts soon emerged between the western samurai and the modernists in the imperial faction, which led to the bloodier Satsuma Rebellion.

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• The Republic of Ezo (蝦夷共和國, Ezo Kyōwakoku) ▶The Boshin War (戊辰戦争, Boshin Sensō, lit. "War of the Year of the Yang Earth Dragon")︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎
  

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