植民地戦争と精神障害
War and mental
illness under colonial and post-colonial stuations
解説：池田光穂
「植民地主義は他者の系統だった否定であ り、他者に対して人類のいかなる属性をも拒絶しようとする狂暴な決意であるゆえに、それは被支配民 族を追いつめて、「ほんとうのところおれは何者か」という問いをたえず自分に提起させることになる」。
「反応性精神病：原則として臨床精神医学は、患者が呈するさまざまな障害を 「反応性精神病」なる項目のもとに整理するものだ。こうすることによって、たとえ土壌の役割（被験者の心理的・感情的・生物学的歴史）や環境の役割があち こちで言及されていようとも、とりわけ発病の直接原因となった体験を重視することになる」。
その他の情報
Case No. 5 -Puerperal psychoses in refugees（Pp.206-207, In English translation version）
| Puerperal psychosis
refers to those mental disorders which occur in
women during maternity. Such disorders can occur immediately before or
several weeks after childbirth. Their psychological determinism is
highly complex. The two major causes are thought to be a disruption to
the endocrine glands and the occurrence of a "psychological shock"
-aterm that, although vague, corresponds roughly to what is commonly
known as a "bad fright." Ever since the French government's decision to apply their scorched earth policy and establish a buffer zone over hundreds ofkilometers there are almost 300,000 refugees along the Tunisian and Moroccan borders. TIle state of dire poverty they live in is no sec.ret. International Red Cross commissions have paid them a number ofvisits and on ascertaining their extreme poverty and precarious living conditions, they recommended increased aid by international organizations. Given the malnutrition that is rampant in these camps it is therefore inevitable that the pregnant women are particularly prone to developing puerperal psychoses. These refugees live in an atmosphere of permanent insecurity, the combined effects of frequent raids by French troops applying the "right to hunt and pursue," aerial bombardments-there is no end to the bombing of Moroccan and Tunisian territories by the French army, and Sakiet-Sidi-Youssef, the martyred village in Tunisia is the bloodiest example-machine gun raids as well as the breakup of the family unit as a result of flight. In truth, there are few Algerian women refugees who do not suffer from mental disorders following childbirth. There are various symptoms: agitation sometimes accompanied by furor; deep asthenic depression coupled with multiple suicide attempts; symptoms of anxiety accompanied by tears, lamentations, and appeals for mercy, etc. Likewise, the delusional disorders present many different characteristics: a delusion of vague persecution, aimed at anyone; a delirious aggressivity aimed at the French, who want to kill the unborn or newborn child; an impression of imminent death in which the mothers beg the invisible killers to spare their children. Once again we must point out that the underlying problem is not solved by sedation or a reversal of the symptoms. Even after the patient has been cured, her predicament maintains and nurtures these pathological complications. |
産褥精神病とは、出産時に女性に起こる精神障害のことです。このような
障害は、出産直前または出産後数週間以内に発症することがあります。その心理的要因は極めて複雑です。主な原因として、内分泌腺の機能障害と「心理的
ショック」の発生が挙げられています。後者は曖昧な用語ですが、一般的に「大きな恐怖」と表現される状態に相当します。 フランス政府が焦土作戦を実施し、数百キロメートルに及ぶ緩衝地帯を設立した以来、チュニジアとモロッコの国境沿いに約30万人の難民が滞在している。彼 らが直面する極度の貧困状態は秘密ではない。国際赤十字委員会は彼らを複数回訪問し、極度の貧困と不安定な生活状況を調査した結果、国際機関による支援の 拡大を推奨した。これらのキャンプでは栄養失調が蔓延しているため、妊娠中の女性が産褥精神病を発症しやすいのは当然のことだ。 これらの難民は、フランス軍が「追跡権」を適用して頻繁に襲撃を行うこと、空爆（フランス軍によるモロッコとチュニジアの領土への爆撃は絶えることがな い。チュニジアの殉教の村サキエト・シディ・ユースフは最も血なまぐさい例だ）、機関銃による襲撃、そして逃亡による家族単位の崩壊など、永久的な不安定 な状況下で生活している。実際、出産後に精神障害を患わないアルジェリア人女性難民はほとんどいない。 症状は多様で、興奮状態に時折激怒を伴うもの、深い衰弱性うつ病と複数の自殺未遂を伴うもの、涙、嘆き、慈悲を求める叫びを伴う不安症状などがある。同様 に、妄想性障害もさまざまな特徴がある。誰かを対象とした漠然とした迫害妄想、胎児や新生児を殺そうとするフランス人に対する妄想的な攻撃性、死が迫って いるという感覚から、母親たちは目に見えない殺人者に子供たちを殺さないでと懇願する。 再び強調しなければならないのは、根本的な問題は鎮静や症状の逆転では解決されないということだ。患者が治癒した後も、その状況はこれらの病理的な合併症 を維持し、助長し続ける。 |
|
PSYCHOSOMATIC
DISORDERS 35 - This term which expresses an idealist notion is being used less and less. The cortico-visceral terminology, in fact a legacy of Soviet research-especially Pavlov-has at least the advantage of putting the brain back in its place, of considering it the matrix where precisely the psyche is elaborated. On the whole this pathology is widely accepted today, although the various therapeutic methods such as relaxation and suggestion are highly uncertain. During the Second World War air raids on England and the siege of Stalingrad, for example, in the Soviet Union, the number of disorders reported increased dramatically. We now know perfectly well that there is no need to be wounded by a bullet to suffer from the effects of war in body and soul. Like any war, the war in Algeria has created its contingent of cortico-visceral illnesses. Except for group g below all the disorders encountered in Algeria have been reported during"conventional" wars. We found group g specific to the colonial war in Algeria. This particular form of pathology (systemic muscular contraction) already caught our attention before the revolution began. But the doctors who described it turned it into a congenital stigma of the "native," an original feature of his nervous system, manifest proof of a predominant extrapyramidal system in the colonized.[36] This contraction, in fact, is quite simply a postural concurrence and evidence in the colonized's muscles of their rigidity, their reticence and refusal in the face of the colonial authorities. 36 - The higher one is on the neurological scale, the less one is extrapyramidal. Manifestly everything seems to tally. （Pp.216-217, In English translation version）
|
心身症 アルジェリアでの植民地戦争の遺産は、精神疾患の増加や特定の病態の蔓延だけではありません。拷問の病理、拷問を受けた者の病理、加害者の病理に加え、ア ルジェリア全体の雰囲気の病理があり、担当医師は理解できない症例に直面すると、次のように述べるようになります： 「この戦争が終わりさえすれば、すべてが解決するだろう」 この第四シリーズでは、一部が収容所に送られたアルジェリア人において観察された疾患を分類する。これらはいずれも心身症として特徴付けられる。 心身症とは、対立状況に対して発症する有機的障害の総称である［35］。心身症とは、その決定要因が心理的起源にあるためである。この病理は、有機体が紛 争に対応する方法、つまり適応の仕方として考えられており、障害は症状であり同時に治療法でもある。より正確には、有機体（ここでもまた以前の心身症、皮 質-内臓体）が、間違ったがそれでも経済的な経路を利用して紛争を回避する、と一般に認められている。有機体は完全な崩壊を避けるために、より小さな悪を 選択する。 35 - この理想主義的な概念を表す用語は、次第に使われなくなっている。コルティコ・ヴィスセラール用語は、ソビエトの研究（特にパブロフ）の遺産だが、少なく とも脳を適切な位置に戻し、まさに心理が形成される基盤として考える利点がある。 全体として、この病理は現在広く受け入れられているが、リラクゼーションや暗示療法などの治療法は極めて不確実だ。例えば、第二次世界大戦中のイギリスへ の空襲やスターリングラードの包囲戦において、ソ連では報告された障害の数が劇的に増加した。現在では、弾丸で負傷しなくても、戦争の身体的・精神的な影 響を受けることが完全に理解されている。他の戦争と同様、アルジェリア戦争も、大脳皮質・内臓の疾患の患者を生み出した。以下のグループ g を除き、アルジェリアで発見された障害はすべて、「従来の」戦争でも報告されている。グループ g は、アルジェリアでの植民地戦争に特有のものだ。この特殊な病態（全身の筋肉の収縮）は、革命が始まる前からすでに私たちの注目を集めていた。しかし、こ れを記述した医師たちは、これを「原住民」の先天的な烙印、その神経系の特徴的な特性、植民地化された者の神経系における外皮系優位の明確な証拠と解釈し た。［36］ この収縮は、実際、植民地化された者の筋肉における姿勢の同期現象であり、植民地当局に対する彼らの硬直、抵抗、拒否の証拠に過ぎない。 36 - 神経学的尺度の上位にあるほど、錐体外路は少ない。明らかにすべてが一致しているようだ。 （pp.216-217、英語版翻訳） |
Puerperal psychosis refers to those mental disorders which occur in
women during maternity. Such disorders can occur immediately before or
several weeks after childbirth. Their psychological determinism is
highly complex. The two major causes are thought to be a disruption to
the endocrine glands and the occurrence of a "psychological shock"
-aterm that, although vague, corresponds roughly to what is commonly
known as a "bad fright."
Ever since the French government's decision to apply their scorched
earth policy and establish a buffer zone over hundreds ofkilometers
there are almost 300,000 refugees along the Tunisian and Moroccan
borders. TIle state of dire poverty they live in is no sec.ret.
International Red Cross commissions have paid them a number ofvisits
and on ascertaining their extreme poverty and precarious living
conditions, they recommended increased aid by international
organizations. Given the malnutrition that is rampant in these camps it
is therefore inevitable that the pregnant women are particularly prone
to developing puerperal psychoses.
These refugees live in an atmosphere of permanent insecurity, the
combined effects of frequent raids by French troops applying the "right
to hunt and pursue," aerial bombardments-there is no end to the bombing
of Moroccan and Tunisian territories by the French army, and
Sakiet-Sidi-Youssef, the martyred village in Tunisia is the bloodiest
example-machine gun raids as well as the breakup of the family unit as
a result of flight. In truth, there are few Algerian women refugees who
do not suffer from mental disorders following childbirth.
There are various symptoms: agitation sometimes accompanied by furor;
deep asthenic depression coupled with multiple suicide attempts;
symptoms of anxiety accompanied by tears, lamentations, and appeals for
mercy, etc. Likewise, the delusional disorders present many different
characteristics: a delusion of vague persecution, aimed at anyone; a
delirious aggressivity aimed at the French, who want to kill the unborn
or newborn child; an impression of imminent death in which the mothers
beg the invisible killers to spare their children.
Once again we must point out that the underlying problem is not solved
by sedation or a reversal of the symptoms. Even after the patient has
been cured, her predicament maintains and nurtures these pathological
complications.
**
PSYCHOSOMATIC
DISORDERS
The increasing occurrence of mental illness and the rampant development
of specific pathological conditions are not the only legacy of the
colonial war in Algeria. Apart from the pathology of torture, the
pathology of the tortured and that of the perpetrator, there is a
pathology of the entire atmosphere in Algeria, a condition which leads
the attending physician to say when confronted with a case they cannot
understand: "This will all be cleared up once the damned war is over."
We propose grouping in this fourth series the illnesses encountered in
Algerians some of whom were sent to internment camps. They can all be
characterized as being psychosomatic.
The name psychosomatic pathology is given to the general body of
organic disorders developed in response to a situation of
conflict.[35]Psychosomatic, because its determinism is psychic in
origin. This pathology is considered a way the organism can respond, in
other words how it adapts to the conflict, the disorder being both a
symptom and a cure. More exactly it is generally agreed that the
organism (here again it is the former psychosomatic, corti co-visceral
body) outwits the conflict using the wrong, but nevertheless economic,
channels. The organism chooses the lesser evil in order to avoid a
complete breakdown.
35 - This term which expresses an idealist notion is being used less and less. The cortico-visceral terminology, in fact a legacy of Soviet research-especially Pavlov-has at least the advantage of putting the brain back in its place, of considering it the matrix where precisely the psyche is elaborated.
On the whole this pathology is widely accepted today, although the various therapeutic methods such as relaxation and suggestion are highly uncertain. During the Second World War air raids on England and the siege of Stalingrad, for example, in the Soviet Union, the number of disorders reported increased dramatically. We now know perfectly well that there is no need to be wounded by a bullet to suffer from the effects of war in body and soul. Like any war, the war in Algeria has created its contingent of cortico-visceral illnesses. Except for group g below all the disorders encountered in Algeria have been reported during"conventional" wars. We found group g specific to the colonial war in Algeria. This particular form of pathology (systemic muscular contraction) already caught our attention before the revolution began. But the doctors who described it turned it into a congenital stigma of the "native," an original feature of his nervous system, manifest proof of a predominant extrapyramidal system in the colonized.[36] This contraction, in fact, is quite simply a postural concurrence and evidence in the colonized's muscles of their rigidity, their reticence and refusal in the face of the colonial authorities.
36 - The higher one is on the neurological scale, the less one is extrapyramidal. Manifestly everything seems to tally.
（Pp.216-217, In English translation version）
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