マヤ民族（マヤ人）
Maya peoples
左：ヤシュチラン遺跡の石彫（Detail of
Lintel 26 from Yaxchilan）：右：メキシコ・チアパス州のシナカンタンの若者（George E. Stuart and
National Geographic）
マヤ民族（マヤ人）
Maya peoples
左：ヤシュチラン遺跡の石彫（Detail of
Lintel 26 from Yaxchilan）：右：メキシコ・チアパス州のシナカンタンの若者（George E. Stuart and
National Geographic）
"The Maya peoples
(/ˈmaɪə/) are an ethnolinguistic group of indigenous peoples of
Mesoamerica. The ancient Maya civilization was formed by members of
this group, and today's Maya are generally descended from people who
lived within that historical civilization. Today they inhabit southern
Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras. "Maya" is a modern
collective term for the peoples of the region, however, the term was
not historically used by the indigenous populations themselves. There
was no common sense of identity or political unity among the distinct
populations, societies and ethnic groups because they each had their
own particular traditions, cultures and historical identity.[7]
It is estimated that six million Maya were living in this area at the
start of the 21st century.[1][2] Guatemala, southern Mexico and the
Yucatán Peninsula, Belize, El Salvador and western Honduras have
managed to maintain numerous remnants of their ancient cultural
heritage. Some are quite integrated into the majority hispanicized
mestizo cultures of the nations in which they reside, while others
continue a more traditional, culturally distinct life, often speaking
one of the Mayan languages as a primary language.
The largest populations of contemporary Maya inhabit Guatemala, Belize,
and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador, as well as large
segments of population within the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche,
Quintana Roo, Tabasco and Chiapas." - Maya peoples.
マヤの人々のもともとの分布領域と古代マヤ遺跡の所 在地
 |
Map showing the
extent of the Maya civilization (red), compared to all other
Mesoamerica cultures (black). Within Central America and southern North
America (Mexico). This map also shows the cities and cultural
mainsteads of the Maya, who did not have an empire but rather a group
of loosely associated city-states. |
 |
Map of Maya
linguistic distribution ここでは、グアテマラのマヤ民族を中心に説明する "In Guatemala, indigenous people of Maya descent comprise around 42% of the population.[3][20] The largest and most traditional Maya populations are in the western highlands in the departments of Baja Verapaz, Quiché, Totonicapán, Huehuetenango, Quetzaltenango, and San Marcos; their inhabitants are mostly Maya.[21] The Maya people of the Guatemala highlands include the Achi, Akatek, Chuj, Ixil, Jakaltek, Kaqchikel, Kʼicheʼ, Mam, Poqomam, Poqomchiʼ, Qʼanjobʼal, Qʼeqchiʼ, Tzʼutujil and Uspantek. The Qʼeqchiʼ live in lowland areas of Alta Vera Paz, Peten, and Western Belize. Over the course of the succeeding centuries a series of land displacements, re-settlements, persecutions and migrations resulted in a wider dispersal of Qʼeqchiʼ communities, into other regions of Guatemala (Izabal, Petén, El Quiché). They are the 2nd largest ethnic Maya group in Guatemala (after the Kʼicheʼ) and one of the largest and most widespread throughout Central America. In Guatemala, the Spanish colonial pattern of keeping the native population legally separate and subservient continued well into the 20th century.[citation needed] This resulted in many traditional customs being retained, as the only other option than traditional Maya life open to most Maya was entering the Hispanic culture at the very bottom rung. Because of this many Guatemalan Maya, especially women, continue to wear traditional clothing, that varies according to their specific local identity. The southeastern region of Guatemala (bordering with Honduras) includes groups such as the Chʼortiʼ. The northern lowland Petén region includes the Itza, whose language is near extinction but whose agroforestry practices, including use of dietary and medicinal plants may still tell us much about pre-colonial management of the Maya lowlands.[22]" →"Mayan languages" |
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"The
Guatemalan genocide, also referred to as the Maya genocide,[2] or
the Silent Holocaust[3] (Spanish: Genocidio guatemalteco, Genocidio
maya, o Holocausto silencioso), was the massacre of Maya civilians
during the Guatemalan military government's counterinsurgency
operations. Massacres, forced disappearances, torture and summary
executions of guerrillas and especially civilian collaborators at the
hands of US-backed security forces had been widespread since 1965 and
was a longstanding policy of the military regime, which US officials
were aware of.[4][5][6] A report from 1984 discussed "the murder of
thousands by a military government that maintains its authority by
terror".[7] Human Rights Watch has described "extraordinarily cruel"
actions by the armed forces, mostly against unarmed civilians.[8]
The repression reached genocidal levels in the predominantly indigenous
northern provinces where the EGP guerrillas operated. There, the
Guatemalan military viewed the Maya – traditionally seen as subhumans –
as siding with the insurgency and began a campaign of wholesale
killings and disappearances of Mayan peasants. While massacres of
indigenous peasants had occurred earlier in the war, the systematic use
of terror against the indigenous population began around 1975 and
peaked during the first half of the 1980s.[9] The military had carried
out 626 massacres against the Maya during the conflict.[10] The
Guatemalan army itself acknowledged destroying 440 Mayan villages
between 1981 and 1983, during the most intense phase of the repression.
In some municipalities such as Rabinal and Nebaj, at least one-third of
the villages were evacuated or destroyed. A study by the Juvenile
Division of the Supreme Court sanctioned in March 1985 revealed that
over 200,000 children had lost at least one parent in the killings, of
whom 25% had lost both since 1980, meaning that between 45,000 and
60,000 adult Guatemalans were killed during the period from 1980 and
1985.[11] This does not account for the fact that children often became
targets of mass killings by the army in events such as the Río Negro
massacres.[12] Former military dictator General Efrain Ríos Montt
(1982–1983) was indicted for his role in the most intense stage of the
genocide.
An estimated 200,000 Guatemalans were killed during the Guatemalan
Civil War including at least 40,000 persons who "disappeared". 93% of
civilian executions were carried out by government forces. Of the
42,275 individual cases of killing and "disappearances" documented by
the Commission for Historical Clarification (CEH), 83% of the victims
were Maya and 17% Ladino.[1] A UN-sponsored Commission for Historical
Clarification in 1999 concluded that a genocide had taken place at the
hands of the US-backed Armed Forces of Guatemala, and that US training
of the officer corps in counterinsurgency techniques "had a significant
bearing on human rights violations during the armed
confrontation".[9][13][5][14]" Guatemalan
Genocide. |
 |
"The Maya people
are known for their brightly colored, yarn-based, textiles that are
woven into capes, shirts, blouses, huipiles and dresses. Each village
has its own distinctive pattern, making it possible to distinguish a
person's home town. Women's clothing consists of a shirt and a long
skirt.
The Maya religion is Roman Catholicism combined with the indigenous
Maya religion to form the unique syncretic religion which prevailed
throughout the country and still does in the rural regions prior to
2010s of "orthodoxing" the western rural areas by Christian Orthodox
missionaries. Beginning from negligible roots prior to 1960s, however,
Protestant Pentecostalism has grown to become the predominant religion
of Guatemala City and other urban centers, later to 2010s that almost
of all Maya of several rural areas of West Guatemala, living rural
areas were mostly mass converted from Catholicism or possibly Maya
religion due of various reasons to either Eastern or Oriental Orthodoxy
by late Fr. Andres Giron and some other Orthodox missionaries, and also
smaller to mid-sized towns also slowly converted as well since
2013.[35] The unique religion is reflected in the local saint, Maximón,
who is associated with the subterranean force of masculine fertility
and prostitution. Always depicted in black, he wears a black hat and
sits on a chair, often with a cigar placed in his mouth and a gun in
his hand, with offerings of tobacco, alcohol, and Coca-Cola at his
feet. The locals know him as San Simon of Guatemala.
Maximón, a Maya deity
The Popol Vuh is the most significant work of Guatemalan literature in
the Kʼicheʼ language, and one of the most important works of
Pre-Columbian American literature. It is a compendium of Maya stories
and legends, aimed to preserve Maya traditions. The first known version
of this text dates from the 16th century and is written in Quiché
transcribed in Latin characters. It was translated into Spanish by the
Dominican priest Francisco Ximénez in the beginning of the 18th
century. Due to its combination of historical, mythical, and religious
elements, it has been called the Maya Bible. It is a vital document for
understanding the culture of Pre-Columbian America. The Rabinal Achí is
a dramatic work consisting of dance and text that is preserved as it
was originally represented. It is thought to date from the 15th century
and narrates the mythical and dynastic origins of the Toj Kʼicheʼ
rulers of Rabinal, and their relationships with neighboring Kʼicheʼ of
Qʼumarkaj.[36] The Rabinal Achí is performed during the Rabinal
festival of January 25, the day of Saint Paul. It was declared a
masterpiece of oral tradition of humanity by UNESCO in 2005. The 16th
century saw the first native-born Guatemalan writers that wrote in
Spanish."- Maya heritage. |
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Migrants pass through Ixtepec, Mexico, atop a train known as “la bestia.” (Photo by John Moore/Getty Images.) "First wave of migration:Due to the war in Guatemala, many Maya people were killed. The two parties in the war were both hurting the basic living circumstances of Maya people by destroying infrastructure, such as railroads, farmlands, factories, they also burned most of the Mayan books. The destruction of these basic tools created a very difficult environment for Maya people to make a living. Without a way to sustain themselves, many Maya people decided to move somewhere that they were able to live. Many people moved to Mexico and some moved to the United States, which was also their first encounter with the US. Many Mayans who moved to the US mainly moved to areas like Florida, Houston, and Los Angeles:Second wave of migration: After the peace agreement among both parties in Guatemala after a 36-year war, the two parties built a new government. But the new government is also not protecting the benefit of people, especially the native people like Maya people. The new government was trying to unite all the culture together which in another word, is trying to assimilate all the culture within Maya people. In addition, the new government was not only trying to eliminate the culture but also was keeping the lands to itself rather than gave them back to the Maya people. Without a way to grow crops and food, Maya people were in extreme poverty. They have to find a way to make a living which they started the second migration movement to the United States" |
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八杉佳穂編『マヤ学を学ぶ人のために』世界思想社、2004年 第１章 古代マヤ人の社会と文化―マヤ文明概観 第２章 生活を復元する―土器 第３章 権力と経済のかたち―石器 第４章 ジャングルのなかの神殿ピラミッド―古代マヤ建築 第５章 マヤ人は何をしるしたか―マヤ文字 第６章 究極の新石器時代の都市文明―マヤの技術と科学 第７章 スペインのくびきのもとに―マヤ人の植民地時代 第８章 文化を受け継ぐ―マヤ民族学への誘い 第９章 未来の宇宙につながる身体―マヤ医学の文化人類学（→「マヤ医学とその倫理について考える」） 第10章 ことばの研究―マヤ諸語の特徴 第11章 世界の始まりと双子の英雄―マヤの神話・伝承（→「ポポル・ヴフ神話（Popol Vuj）」） |
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