国連の持続可能な開発目標とグローバル・イシューズ
UN Sustainable
Development Goals
国連の持続可能な開発目標とグローバル・イシューズ
UN Sustainable
Development Goals
皆さんは、国連の、「持
続可能な開発のための2030アジェンダ」をご存知ですか？——「持
続可能な開発のための2030アジェンダ」に、国連のUNDP駐日代表事
務所へのリンク（日本語）をはっています。くわしくはそち
らをどうぞ！
その中には、持続可能な開発目標（SDGs）——通称「グローバル・ゴールズ」——が含 まれます。国連では、視認性に優れたすばらしいロゴタイプとテーマシンボルをデザインしています。それは素晴らしいマークだけでなく、未来の世界（具体的 には2030年まで）に、１７の 持 続可能な開発目標（SDGs）を国連に加盟する各国のみならず、地球市民のひとりひとりが具体的に実現しようという提案でもあります。１７の持続可能な開 発目標（SDGs）を駐日代表事務所の翻訳とリンクを掲げてみます。この簡潔な目標を、皆さんのまわ りで実現するためには、具体的にどのようなことが必要なのか、各人で考えてみましょう。
また2020年当初から国連は世界保健機関＝WHOを通して、新型コロナウィルス感染症
（COVID-19）の流行について懸念しており。2020年秋の時点では、SDGsの目標達成にも、おおきな地球的課題であると指摘しています。詳しく
は（→「COVID-19と国連の持続可能な開発目標」
をご覧ください）
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他方、国連では、グローバル・イシューズという、現在、地球が抱えているさまざまな問題 が含まれる大きな課題を18課題にまとめています。
■国連のグローバル・イシュー（global issues Overvies, by UN）
◎この中には、弱い人を助けようという精神があります。こちらに解説しています。
●SDGsの意義を知るためには、UNDP（United Nations Development Programme）国際連合開発計画がはじまった1965年から考えないとなりません。
Present image of the UNDP
"The
United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) is
the United Nations' global development network. It promotes technical
and investment cooperation among nations and advocates for change and
connects countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help
people build a better life for themselves. The UNDP provides expert advice, training
and grants support to developing countries, with increasing emphasis on
assistance to the least developed countries. UNDP works with
nations on their own solutions to global and national development
challenges. As they develop local capacity, they draw on the people of
UNDP and its wide range of partners. However UNDP offers to help only
if the different nations request it to do so.[3]
The UNDP is funded entirely by voluntary contributions from UN member
states. The organization operates in
177 countries, where it works with local governments to meet
development challenges and develop local capacity. It works
internationally to help countries achieve the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs). UNDP was one of the main UN agencies involved in the
development of the Post-2015
Development Agenda. To accomplish the SDGs and encourage global
development, UNDP focuses on poverty reduction, HIV/AIDS, democratic
governance, energy and environment, social development, and crisis
prevention and recovery. The UNDP Human Development Report Office also
publishes an annual Human Development Report (since 1990) to measure
and analyse developmental progress. In addition to a global Report,
UNDP publishes regional, national, and local Human Development
Reports.[4] Headquartered in New York City, the status of UNDP is that
of an executive board within the United Nations General Assembly. The
UNDP Administrator is the third highest-ranking official of the United
Nations after the United Nations Secretary-General and Deputy
Secretary-General.[5]" - Wiki, UNDP.
History of the UNDP,
1965 - present days
Present days, Introduction to
2016-2030 by UN Archive.
"The
Post-2015 Development Agenda was a process from 2012 to 2015 led by
the United Nations to define the future global development framework
that would succeed the Millennium Development Goals. The new framework,
starting from 2016 is called Sustainable Development Goals./ The
current UN development agenda is centred on the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs)[2] that were officially established following the
Millennium Summit of the UN in 2000. The MDGs encapsulate eight
globally agreed goals in the areas of poverty alleviation, education,
gender equality and empowerment of women, child and maternal health,
environmental sustainability, reducing HIV/AIDS and communicable
diseases, and building a global partnership for development. The MDG's
overall target date is 2015.[3]/ At the 2010 High Level Plenary Meeting
of the UN General Assembly to review progress towards the MDGs,
governments called for accelerating progress and for thinking on ways
to advance the development agenda beyond 2015.[4] After the 2010 High
Level Plenary Meeting, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has taken
several initiatives. He has established a UN System Task Team, launched
a High Level Panel of Eminent Persons and appointed Amina J. Mohammed
as his own Special Advisor on Post-2015 Development Planning.[5] These
processes are complemented by a set of eleven global thematic
consultations and national consultations in 88 countries][6]
facilitated by the United Nations Development Group (UNDG)."- The
Post-2015 Development Agenda.
"The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016. All 191 United Nations member states, and at least 22 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015: To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger To achieve universal primary education To promote gender equality and empower women To reduce child mortality To improve maternal health To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases To ensure environmental sustainability[1] To develop a global partnership for development[2] The Millennium Development Goals are a UN initiative. Each goal had specific targets, and dates for achieving those targets. The 8 goals were measured by 21 targets. To accelerate progress, the G8 finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel $40 to $55 billion in debt owed by members of the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) to allow them to redirect resources to programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty."- Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Introduction, 2000-2015, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). by UN Archive.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
On 8 September 2000, following a three-day Millennium Summit of world leaders gathered in New York at the headquarters of the United Nations, the UN General Assembly adopted some 60 goals regarding peace; development; environment; human rights; the vulnerable, hungry, and poor; Africa; and the United Nations which is called Millennium Declaration (Resolution 55/2).[1] A follow-up outcome of the resolution was passed by the General Assembly on 14 December 2000 to guide its implementation. Progress on implementation of the Declaration was reviewed at the 2005 World Summit of leaders.[2][3] The Declaration includes 8 chapters and 32 paragraphs.
++++
"The MDGs were developed out of
several commitments set forth in the Millennium Declaration, signed in
September 2000. There
are eight goals with 21 targets,[6] and a series of measurable
health indicators and economic indicators for each target.[7][8]"
Precursors of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
"The Brahimi Report provided the basis of the goals in the area of peace and security[Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping]. The Millennium Summit Declaration was, however, only part of the origins of the MDGs. More ideas came from Adam Figueroa, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. A series of UN‑led conferences in the 1990s focused on issues such as children, nutrition, human rights and women. The OECD criticized major donors for reducing their levels of Official Development Assistance (ODA). UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan signed a report titled, We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century. The OECD had formed its International Development Goals (IDGs) and the two efforts were combined for the World Bank's 2001 meeting to form the MDGs.[4]"
Lakhdar Brahimi,
1934- :"is an Algerian United Nations diplomat who served as the United
Nations and Arab League Special Envoy to Syria until 14 May 2014.[1] He
was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria from 1991 to 1993.
He is also a member of The Elders, a group of world leaders working for
global peace.[2] Brahimi is a member of the Commission on Legal
Empowerment of the Poor, the first global initiative to focus
specifically on the link between exclusion, poverty and law. He has
also been a Member of the Global Leadership Foundation since 2008, an
organization which works to promote good governance around the world.
He is currently a distinguished senior fellow at the Centre for the
Study of Global Governance at the London School of Economics and
Political Science, and a governing board member of the Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute.[3] He relinquished his post as
UN Special Envoy to Syria on 31 May 2014.[4]"
Human Development Reports 1990-2020, by the UNDP.
Human Development Report, Introduction, 1991-1999, by the UNDP.
Human
Development Report 1990, by the UNDP. (In 1990, the UN Development Programme launched the first Human Development Report.)
3rd development decade, Introduction, 1981-1990, by UN Archive.
2nd development decade, Introduction, 1971-1980, by UN Archive
1st development decade, Introduction, 1960-1970, by UN Archive
"The
UNDP was founded on 22 November 1965 with the merging of the Expanded
Programme of Technical Assistance (EPTA) and the Special Fund.[6]
The rationale was to "avoid duplication of [their] activities". The
EPTA was set up in 1949 to help the economic and political aspects of
underdeveloped countries while the Special Fund was to enlarge the
scope of UN technical assistance. The Special Fund arose from the idea
of a Special United Nations Fund for Economic Development (SUNFED)
(which was initially called the United Nations Fund for Economic
Development (UNFED).[7]
Countries such as the Nordic countries were proponents of such a United
Nations (UN) controlled fund. However, the fund was opposed by
developed countries, especially by the United States who was wary of
the Third World dominating such a funding and preferred it to be under
the auspices of the World Bank. The concept of SUNFED was dropped to
form the Special Fund. This Special Fund was a compromise over the
SUNFED concept, it did not provide investment capital, but only helped
to bring pre-conditions for private investment.
With the US proposing and creating the International Development
Association within the World Bank's umbrella, the EPTA and the Special
Fund appeared to be conducting similar work. In 1962, the United
Nations Economic and Social Council asked the Secretary General to
consider the merits and disadvantages of merging UN technical
assistance programs and in 1966, the EPTA and the Special Fund merged
to form the UNDP.[8][9][10]"
◎なぜ弱い人を助けないとならないのでしょうか？（ロバート・グッディン先生の回答、1985）——これらはインペラティブ（命令語法）を形成すると言います
| ロバート・グッディン先生の結論（1985:206） | |
| Preventing exploitable vulnerabilities: No one should be forced into a vulnerable or dependent position, insofar as this can be avoided. If people are placed in such a position (either through personal choice or natural or social necessity), vulnerabilities/dependencies should be reciprocal and, ideally, symmetrical among all those who are involved. In no case should they be so severe and asymmetrical that one party has exclusive, discretionary control over resources that the other needs to protect his vital interests. | （１）搾取されやすい脆弱な人たちを防ぐこと：回避できる限り、何人も脆弱な立場や依存的な立場に追い込まれるべきではありません。もし人々がそのような 立場に置かれるなら（個人の選択、あるいは自然または社会的な必要性によって）脆弱性や依存性というのは相互的であるべきで、理想的には関係するすべての 人々の間で対称的なものであるべきです（＝弱いものと助けるものはお互いに組みになっているからです）。また、一方の当事者が、他方の当事者が自らの重要 な利益を守るために必要とする資源を、独占的かつ裁量的に支配するような、深刻かつ非対称的なものであってはなりません（＝つまりずっと弱いまま、助けら れるままの状態が固定されていてはなりません）。 |
| Protecting the vulnerable: Where
people are particularly vulnerable to or dependent upon you, for
whatever reasons, you have a special responsibility to protect their
interests. Where they are vulnerable to you individually, you must seek
to produce this result directly through your own efforts. Where they
are vulnerable to a group of you, the group as a whole is responsible
for protecting their interests; and you as an individual within that
group have a derivative responsibility to help organize and participate
in a cooperative scheme among members of that group to produce that
result. |
（２）脆弱な人の保護：何らかの理由で、あなたに対して特に弱い立場
（=脆弱な）にある人、あるいはあなたに依存している人に対して、あなたは彼らの利益を保護する特別な責任を負っています。彼／彼女／その人たちが、あな
た個人に対して脆弱である場合、あなたは自分の努力によって直接この保護を実現するよう努めなければなりません。そして、そのグループの中の個人であるあ
なたには、その結果を生み出すために、そのグループのメンバーの間で協力的な計画を組織し、それに参加するのを助けるという派生的な責任があります。 |
| Protecting the vulnerable : a
reanalysis of our social responsibilities / Robert E. Goodin. Chicago :
University of Chicago Press , 1985 |
ロバート・グッディン『脆弱な人を擁護すること』シカゴ大学出版局、1985年 |
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Copyleft, CC, Mitzub'ixi Quq Chi'j, 1996-2099
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message.
Remind Wittgenstein's phrase, "I should not like my writing to spare
other people the trouble of thinking. But, if possible, to stimulate
someone to thoughts of his own," - Ludwig Wittgenstein