1945年以降の
世界の代表的なリベラル思想家たち
1945年以降の
世界の代表的なリベラル思想家たち
●1945年以降の世界の代表的なリベラル思想家た ち(Liberal thinkers after 1945)
| Oakshott |
Michael Oakeshott |
Michael Oakeshott
(1901–1990) is often described as a conservative thinker. But this
description notices only one aspect of his thought and invites
misunderstanding because of its ambiguities. His ideas spring from a
lifetime of reading in the history of European thought, sharpened by
philosophical reflection on its arguments and presuppositions.
Oakeshott worked on the premise that philosophical questions are
interconnected and that answering them requires wide-ranging critical
reflection. A recurrent theme in his writings on moral and political
life is the tension between individuality, which implies plurality, and
its denial, which he calls barbarism. Individual freedom is threatened
when politics is conceived as the pursuit of ideals. The recent
interest of political philosophers in the republican idea of freedom as
independence or nondomination suggests the continuing relevance of his
thought. So does their interest in political realism as an alternative
to moralism. But Oakeshott’s contribution to philosophy is not limited
to political philosophy. It includes reflection on the criteria for
distinguishing different modes of thought from one another, defining
historical inquiry as one such mode, identifying different conceptions
of rationality and their place in practical judgment, and
distinguishing competing understandings of the modern state. Oakeshott
also wrote on religion, morals, education, aesthetics, Hobbes, and the
history of political thought. Instead of surveying all these topics,
this entry will focus on his most important contributions to
philosophy: his theory of modes, his criticism of political
rationalism, his argument that the key distinction in modern politics
concerns the character and purpose of the state, and his philosophy of
history. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/oakeshott/ |
| Berlin |
Isaiah Berlin |
Isaiah Berlin
(1909–97) was a naturalised British philosopher, historian of ideas,
political theorist, educator, public intellectual and moralist, and
essayist. He was renowned for his conversational brilliance, his
defence of liberalism and pluralism, his opposition to political
extremism and intellectual fanaticism, and his accessible, coruscating
writings on people and ideas. His essay Two Concepts of Liberty (1958)
contributed to a revival of interest in political theory in the
English-speaking world, and remains one of the most influential and
widely discussed texts in that field: admirers and critics agree that
Berlin’s distinction between positive and negative liberty remains, for
better or worse, a basic starting point for discussions of the meaning
and value of political freedom. Later in his life, the greater
availability of his numerous essays began to provoke increasing
interest in his work, particularly in the idea of value pluralism; that
Berlin’s articulation of value pluralism contains many ambiguities and
even obscurities has only encouraged further work on this rich and
important topic by other philosophers.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/berlin/ |
| Hayek |
Friedrich Hayek,
1899-1992 |
F. A. Hayek,
was an Austrian-British economist and philosopher who is best known for
his defence of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel
Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his
"pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and
[...] penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social
and institutional phenomena".[1] His account of how changing prices
communicate information that helps individuals co-ordinate their plans
is widely regarded as an important achievement in economics, leading to
his Nobel Prize. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek |
| Orwell |
George Orwell,
1903-1950 |
As a writer,
Orwell produced literary criticism and poetry, fiction and polemical
journalism; and is best known for the allegorical novella Animal Farm
(1945) and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). His
non-fiction works, including The Road to Wigan Pier (1937), documenting
his experience of working-class life in the north of England, and
Homage to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences soldiering
for the Republican faction of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), are as
critically respected as his essays on politics and literature, language
and culture. In 2008, The Times ranked George Orwell second among "The
50 greatest British writers since 1945".[7] Orwell's work remains
influential in popular culture and in political culture, and the
adjective "Orwellian"—describing totalitarian and authoritarian social
practices—is part of the English language, like many of his neologisms,
such as "Big Brother", "Thought Police", "Two Minutes Hate", "Room
101", "memory hole", "Newspeak", "doublethink", "proles", "unperson",
and "thoughtcrime".[8][9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell |
| Camus |
Albert Camus,
1913-1960 |
Camus was born
in Algeria (a French colony at the time) to French Pieds Noirs parents.
His citizenship was French. He spent his childhood in a poor
neighbourhood and later studied philosophy at the University of
Algiers. He was in Paris when the Germans invaded France during World
War II in 1940. Camus tried to flee but finally joined the French
Resistance where he served as editor-in-chief at Combat, an outlawed
newspaper. After the war, he was a celebrity figure and gave many
lectures around the world. He married twice but had many extramarital
affairs. Camus was politically active; he was part of the Left that
opposed the Soviet Union because of its totalitarianism. Camus was a
moralist and leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism. He was part of many
organisations seeking European integration. During the Algerian War
(1954 –1962), he kept a neutral stance, advocating for a multicultural
and pluralistic Algeria, a position that caused controversy and was
rejected by most parties. Philosophically, Camus's views contributed to
the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. He is also considered to
be an existentialist, even though he firmly rejected the term
throughout his lifetime. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus ++++ Albert Camus (1913–1960) was a journalist, editor and editorialist, playwright and director, novelist and author of short stories, political essayist and activist—and, although he more than once denied it, a philosopher. He ignored or opposed systematic philosophy, had little faith in rationalism, asserted rather than argued many of his main ideas, presented others in metaphors, was preoccupied with immediate and personal experience, and brooded over such questions as the meaning of life in the face of death. Although he forcefully separated himself from existentialism, Camus posed one of the twentieth century’s best-known existentialist questions, which launches The Myth of Sisyphus: “There is only one really serious philosophical question, and that is suicide” (MS, 3). And his philosophy of the absurd has left us with a striking image of the human fate: Sisyphus endlessly pushing his rock up the mountain only to see it roll back down each time he gains the top. Camus’s philosophy found political expression in The Rebel, which along with his newspaper editorials, political essays, plays, and fiction earned him a reputation as a great moralist. It also embroiled him in conflict with his friend, Jean-Paul Sartre, provoking the major political-intellectual divide of the Cold-War era as Camus and Sartre became, respectively, the leading intellectual voices of the anti-Communist and pro-Communist left. Furthermore, in posing and answering urgent philosophical questions of the day, Camus articulated a critique of religion and of the Enlightenment and all its projects, including Marxism. In 1957 he won the Nobel Prize for literature. He died in a car accident in January, 1960, at the age of 46. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/camus/ |
| Sartre |
Jean-Paul Sartre,
1905-1980 |
Sartre
(1905–1980) is arguably the best known philosopher of the twentieth
century. His indefatigable pursuit of philosophical reflection,
literary creativity and, in the second half of his life, active
political commitment gained him worldwide renown, if not admiration. He
is commonly considered the father of Existentialist philosophy, whose
writings set the tone for intellectual life in the decade immediately
following the Second World War. Among the many ironies that permeate
his life, not the least is the immense popularity of his scandalous
public lecture “Existentialism is a Humanism,” delivered to an
enthusiastic Parisian crowd October 28, 1945. Though taken as a quasi
manifesto for the Existentialist movement, the transcript of this
lecture was the only publication that Sartre openly regretted seeing in
print. And yet it continues to be the major introduction to his
philosophy for the general public. One of the reasons both for its
popularity and for his discomfort is the clarity with which it exhibits
the major tenets of existentialist thought while revealing Sartre's
attempt to broaden its social application in response to his Communist
and Catholic critics. In other words, it offers us a glimpse of
Sartre's thought “on the wing.” |
| Rawls |
John Rawls,
1921-2002 |
John Rawls (b.
1921, d. 2002) was an American political philosopher in the liberal
tradition. His theory of justice as fairness describes a society of
free citizens holding equal basic rights and cooperating within an
egalitarian economic system. His theory of political liberalism
delineates the legitimate use of political power in a democracy, and
envisions how civic unity might endure despite the diversity of
worldviews that free institutions allow. His writings on the law of
peoples set out a liberal foreign policy that aims to create a
permanently peaceful and tolerant international order. -
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rawls/ |
| Nozick |
Robert Nozick,
1938-2002 |
Robert Nozick
(/ˈnoʊzɪk/; November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American
philosopher. He held the Joseph Pellegrino University Professorship at
Harvard University,[4] and was president of the American Philosophical
Association. He is best known for his books Philosophical Explanations
(1981), which included his counterfactual theory of knowledge, and
Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), a libertarian answer to John Rawls'
A Theory of Justice (1971), in which Nozick also presented his own
theory of utopia as one in which people can freely choose the rules of
the society they enter into. His other work involved ethics, decision
theory, philosophy of mind, metaphysics and epistemology. His final
work before his death, Invariances (2001), introduced his theory of
evolutionary cosmology, by which he argues invariances, and hence
objectivity itself, emerged through evolution across possible
worlds.[5]- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozick |
| Dworkin |
Ronald Dworkin,
1931-2013 |
Ronald Myles
Dworkin FBA (/ˈdwɔːrkɪn/; December 11, 1931 – February 14, 2013) was an
American[3] philosopher, jurist, and scholar of United States
constitutional law. At the time of his death, he was Frank Henry Sommer
Professor of Law and Philosophy at New York University and Professor of
Jurisprudence at University College London. Dworkin had taught
previously at Yale Law School and the University of Oxford, where he
was the Professor of Jurisprudence, successor to renowned philosopher
H. L. A. Hart. An influential contributor to both philosophy of law and
political philosophy, Dworkin received the 2007 Holberg International
Memorial Prize in the Humanities for "his pioneering scholarly work" of
"worldwide impact."[4] According to a survey in The Journal of Legal
Studies, Dworkin was the second most-cited American legal scholar of
the twentieth century.[5] After his death, the Harvard legal scholar
Cass Sunstein said Dworkin was "one of the most important legal
philosophers of the last 100 years. He may well head the list."[6] His
theory of law as integrity as presented in his book titled Law's
Empire, in which judges interpret the law in terms of consistent moral
principles, especially justice and fairness, is among the most
influential contemporary theories about the nature of law. Dworkin
advocated a "moral reading" of the United States Constitution,[7] and
an interpretivist approach to law and morality. He was a frequent
commentator on contemporary political and legal issues, particularly
those concerning the Supreme Court of the United States, often in the
pages of The New York Review of Books. |
| MacIntyre |
Alasdair
MacIntyre, 1929- |
Alasdair Chalmers
MacIntyre (/ˈæləstər ˈmækɪnˌtaɪər/; born 1929) is a Scottish
philosopher, who contributed to moral and political philosophy, as well
as history of philosophy and theology.[2] MacIntyre's After Virtue
(1981) is one of the most important works of Anglophone moral and
political philosophy in the 20th century.[3] He is senior research
fellow at the Centre for Contemporary Aristotelian Studies in Ethics
and Politics (CASEP) at London Metropolitan University, Emeritus
Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame, and Permanent
Senior Distinguished Research Fellow at the Notre Dame Center for
Ethics and Culture.[4] During his lengthy academic career, he also
taught at Brandeis University, Duke University, Vanderbilt University,
and Boston University. -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre |
| Libertarianism |
Libertarian
positions are most controversial
in the realm of distributive justice. In this context, libertarians
typically endorse something like a free-market economy: an economic
order based on private property and voluntary market relationships
among agents. Libertarians usually see the kind of large-scale,
coercive wealth redistribution in which contemporary welfare states
engage as involving unjustified coercion. The same is true of many
forms of economic regulation, including licensing laws. Just as people
have strong rights to individual freedom in their personal and social
affairs, libertarians argue, they also have strong rights to freedom in
their economic affairs. Thus, rights of freedom of contract and
exchange, freedom of occupation, and private property are taken very
seriously. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/ |
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