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マービン・ミンスキー『こころの社会』ノート

The Society of Mind

池田光穂

Prologue

1Building Blocks
1.1The Agents Of The Mind
1.2The Mind And The Brain
1.3 The Society Of Mind
1.4The World Of Blocks
1.5 [Common sense?]

2 Wholes And Parts

2.1Components And Connections
2.2Novelists And Reductionists
2.3Parts And Wholes
2.4Holes And Parts
2.5Easy Things Are Hard
2.6Confusion
2.7Are People Machines?

3 Conflict And Compromise

3.1Conflict
3.2Noncompromise
3.3 Hierarchies
3.4 Anti-Heterarchies
3.5Destructiveness
3.6Pain And Pleasure Simplified

4 The Self

4.1The Self
4.2One Self Or Many?
4.3 The Soul
4.4The Conservative Self
4.5Exploitation
4.6Self-Control
4.7Long-Range Plans
4.8Ideals

5 Individuality
(翻訳は個性と訳されているが個体性が正しい)

5.1Circular Causality
5.2Unanswerable Questions
5.3The Remote-Control Self
5.4Personal Identity
5.5Fashion And Style
5.6Traits
5.7Permanent Identity

6 Insight And Introspection

6.1Consciousness
6.2Signals And Signs
6.3Thought-Experiments
6.4B-Brains
6.5Frozen Reflection
6.6Momentary Mental Time
6.7The Causal Now
6.8Thinking Without Thinking
6.9Heads In The Clouds
6.10Worlds Out Of Mind
6.11In-Sight
6.12Internal Communication
6.13 Self-Knowledge Is Dangerous

7 Problems And Goals

7.1Intelligence
7.2 Uncommon Sense
7.3The Puzzle Principle
7.4Problem Solving
7.5Learning And Memory
7.6Reinforcement And Reward
7.7Local Responsibility
7.8Difference-Engines
7.9Intentions
7.10Genius

8 A Theory Of Memory

8.1K-Lines: A Theory Of Memory
8.2Re-Membering
8.3Mental States And Dispositions
8.4Partial Mental States
8.5Level-Bands
8.6Levels
8.7Fringes
8.8Societies Of Memories
8.9Knowledge-Trees
8.10Levels And Classifications
8.11Layers Of Societies

9 Summaries

9.1 Wanting And Liking
9.2 Gerrymandering
9.3 Learning From Failure
9.4 Enjoying Discomfort

10 Papert's Principle

10.1 Piaget's Experiments
10.2Reasoning About Amounts
10.3Priorities
10.4Papert's Principle
10.5The Society-Of-More
10.6About Piaget's Experiments
10.7The Concept Of Concept
10.8Education And Development
10.9Learning A Hierarchy

11The Shape Of Space

11.1 Seeing Red
11.2The Shape Of Space
11.3Nearnesses
11.4Innate Geography
11.5Sensing Similarities
11.6The Centered Self
11.7Predestined Learning
11.8Half-Brains
11.9Dumbbell Theories


12 Learning Meaning

12.1A Block-Arch Scenario
12.2Learning Meaning
12.3Uniframes
12.4Structure And Function
12.5The Function Of Structures
12.6Accumulation
12.7Accumulation Strategies
12.8Problems Of Disunity
12.9The Exception Principle
12.10How Towers Work
12.11How Causes Work
12.12Meaning And Definition
12.13Bridge-Definitions

13 Seeing And Believing
13.1Reformulation
13.2Boundaries
13.3Seeing And Believing
13.4Children's Drawing-Frames
13.5Learning A Script
13.6The Frontier Effect
13.7Duplications

14 Reformulation

14.1Using Reformulation
14.2Means And Ends
14.3Seeing Squares
14.4Brainstorming
14.5The Investment Principle
14.6Parts And Holes
14.7The Power Of Negative Thinking
14.8The Interaction-Square

15 Consciousness And Memory

15.1Momentary Mental State
15.2Self-Examination
15.3Memory
15.4Memories Of Memories
15.5The Immanence Illusion
15.6Many Kinds Of Memory
15.7Memory Rearrangements
15.8Anatomy Of Memory
15.9Interruption And Recovery
15.10Losing Track
15.11The Recursion Principle

16 Emotion

16.1Emotion
16.2Mental Growth
16.3Mental Proto-Specialists
16.4Cross-Exclusion
16.5Avalanche Effects
16.6Motivation
16.7Exploitation
16.8 Stimulus Vs. Simulus
16.9 Infant Emotions
16.10 Adult Emotions

17 Development

17.1Sequences Of Teaching-Selves
17.2Attachment-Learning
17.3Attachment Simplifies
17.4Functional Autonomy
17.5Developmental Stages
17.6Prerequisites For Growth
17.7Genetic Timetables
17.8Attachment-Images
17.9Different Spans Of Memories
17.10Intellectual Trauma
17.11Intellectual Ideals

18 Reasoning

18.1Must Machines Be Logical?
18.2Chains Of Reasoning
18.3Chaining
18.4Logical Chains
18.5 Strong Arguments
18.6Magnitude From Multitude
18.7What Is A Number?
18.8 Mathematics Made Hard
18.9 Robustness And Recovery

19 Words And Ideas

19.1The Roots Of Intention
19.2The Language-Agency
19.3Words And Ideas
19.4Objects And Properties
19.5Polynemes
19.6Recognizers
19.7Weighing Evidence
19.8Generalizing
19.9Recognizing Thoughts
19.10Closing The Ring

20 Context And Ambiguity

20.1Ambiguity
20.2Negotiating Ambiguity
20.3Visual Ambiguity
20.4Locking-In And Weeding-Out
20.5Micronemes
20.6The Nemeic Spiral
20.7Connections
20.8Connection Lines
20.9Distributed Memory

21 Trans-Frames

21.1The Pronouns Of The Mind
21.2Pronomes
21.3Trans-Frames
21.4Communication Among Agents
21.5Automatism
21.6Trans-Frame Pronomes
21.7Generalizing With Pronomes
21.8Attention
22 Expression

22.1Pronomes And Polynemes
22.2Isonomes
22.3De-Specializing
22.4Learning And Teaching
22.5Inference
22.6Expression
22.7Causes And Clauses
22.8Interruptions
22.9Pronouns And References
22.10Verbal Expression
22.11Creative Expression

23 Comparisons

23.1A World Of Differences
23.2Differences And Duplicates
23.3Time Blinking
23.4The Meanings Of More
23.5Foreign Accents

24 Frames

24.1The Speed Of Thought
24.2Frames Of Mind
24.3 How Trans-Frames Work
24.4 Default Assumptions
24.5Nonverbal Reasoning
24.6Direction-Nemes
24.7Picture-Frames
24.8How Picture-Frames Work
24.9Recognizers And Memorizers

25  Frame Arrays

25.1One Frame At A Time?
25.2Frame-Arrays
25.3The Stationary World
25.4The Sense Of Continuity
25.5Expectations
25.6The Frame Idea

26 Language-Frames

26.1Understanding Words
26.2Understanding Stories
26.3Sentence-Frames
26.4A Party-Frame
26.5Story-Frames
26.6Sentence And Nonsense
26.7Frames For Nouns
26.8Frames For Verbs
26.9Language And Vision
26.10Learning Language
26.11Grammar
26.12Coherent Discourse

27 Censors And Jokes

27.1Demons
27.2Suppressors
27.3Censors
27.4Exceptions To Logic
27.5Jokes
27.6Humor And Censorship
27.7Laughter
27.8Good Humor

28The Mind And The World

28.1The Myth Of Mental Energy
28.2Magnitude And Marketplace
28.3Quantity And Quality
28.4Mind Over Matter
28.5The Mind And The World
28.6Minds And Machines
28.7Individual Identities
28.8Overlapping Minds

29 The Realms Of Thought

29.1The Realms Of Thought
29.2Several Thoughts At Once
29.3Paranomes
29.4Cross-Realm Correspondences
29.5The Problem Of Unity
29.6Autistic Children
29.7Likenesses And Analogies
29.8Metaphors

30 Mental Models

30.1Knowing
30.2Knowing And Believing
30.3Mental Models
30.4World Models
30.5Knowing Ourselves
30.6Freedom Of Will
30.7The Myth Of The Third Alternative
30.8Intelligence And Resourcefulness

Appendix
Postscript
Glossary


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