自然人類学　しぜん・じんるいがく　anthropology

人間を研究する学問が人類学。人類（ギリシャ語でanthropos）と学問（同じく logos）の 合成語がこの言語である。人類学が現在の学問の体勢として出発する以前から、この用語は〈人間学〉という用語と学問（＝哲学）で呼ばれていたが、人類学と は別物であり、また直接の先祖というわけではない。

自然人類学は、人間の生物学的な側面から中心に、人類の成り立ち、進化、あるいは霊長類としての 人間の研究として霊長類学（primatology）なども隣接関連分野として研究する領域のことである。

自然人類学あるいは形質人類学（共にphysical anthropology）は、21世紀に入って生物人類学（biological anthropology）と呼ばれるようになった。

● 現代の標準的な教科書の章立ての紹介（Molnar, Stephen. Human Variation: Races, Typesm and Ethnic Group. 6th ed., Prentice Hall. 2006.）

1.　生物学的多様性と人種の概念

2.　人間の多様性のための生物学的基 礎

3.　シンプルな遺伝的形質について （１）：血液型のグループとタンパク質

4.　シンプルな遺伝的形質について（２）：ヘモグロビンの多様性とDNAマーカー

5.　複雑な遺伝形質とその適応（１）

6.　複雑な遺伝形質とその適応（２）

7.　人間の変異性、行動、人種主義 （レイシズム）

8.　人間の生物多様性の分布

9.　健康の諸相と人間の多様性：人種 概念の影響

10.　人間の種の変貌する次元

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• Chapter 1 Biological Diversity and the Race Concept: An Introduction Human Variation: Its Discovery and Classification Anthropometry: The Measures of Human Variation Eugenics Racial Boundaries: Fact or Fiction? Race, Geography, and Origins Confusions and Contradictions of Human Classification Human Biological Variability: A Perspectiive
  
• Chapter 2 The Biological Basis for Human Variation Principles of Inheritance Formal Human Genetics Factors of Variation and Evolution The Gene, DNA, and the "Code of Life," Chromosomes at the Molecular Level Gene Clusters and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) Y-Chromosome DNA Polymorphisms Mitochondrial DNA Genes and Populations: A Summary
  
• Chapter 3 Traits of Simple Inheritance I: Blood Groups and Proteins Blood Components and Inherited Traits The Blood Groups The Blood Groups: An Overview White Blood Cell (WBC) Antigens Polymorphisms of Serum Proteins Inborn Errors of Metabolism Other Polymorphisms of Anthropological Interest Traits of Simple Inheritance: Some Conclusions
  
• Chapter 4 Traits of Simple Inheritance II: Hemoglobin Variants and DNA Markers Hemoglobins: Normal and Abnormal Distribution of Hemoglobin S Malaria and Natural Selection Other Abnormal Hemoglobins The Enzyme G6PD (Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase) Distribution of Red-Cell Variants in Sardinian Populations Gene Frequency Changes and African Americans DNA Markers of Human Variation Genetic Markers at the DNA Level: Some Conclusions
  
• Chapter 5 Traits of Complex Inheritance and Their Adaptations: I The Structure and Function of Skin Skin Color and Evolution Craniofacial Traits Eye Color and Hair Color Human Form and Its Variability Body Size and Form: Perspectives of Heredity
  
• Chapter 6 Traits of Complex Inheritance and Their Adaptations: II Characteristics of Growth and Development Nutritional Influences Adaptations to Cold or Hot Environments High Altitude Environments: Stresses and Responses Conclusions: Complex Traits and Their Adaptations
  
• Chapter 7 Human Variability, Behavior, and Racism Race, Nations, and Racism Intelligence Quotient: A Measure of Mental Ability? Behavior and Inheritance or Inheritance of Behavior Class and Caste Genetics, Intelligence, and the Future
  
• Chapter 8 Distribution of Human Biodiversity Some Factors Contributing to Gene Distribution Races, Ethnic Groups, or Breeding Populations Breeding Populations Clinal Distribution of Traits Breeding Populations versus Clines
  
• Chapter 9 Perspectives of Health and Human Diversity: Influences of the Race Concept Epidemiiological Transition: The Distribution and Type of Disease The Developing World and Epidemiological Transitions A New World, but Old Diseases What Is a Race? Genes, Races, Environments, and Diseases: Some Conclusions
  
• Chapter 10 Changing Dimensions of the Human Species Population Size and Growth: Historical Perspectives Factors of Population Change Empowerment of Women Fertility Differences and Population Composition Demographic Balances Regional Changes and World Populations Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups: Where Are We?
  

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