皆さんは、国連の「持 続可能な開発のための2030アジェンダ」をご存知ですか？——わからない？その場合は「持 続可能な開発のための2030アジェンダ」に、国連のUNDP駐日代表事 務所へのリンク（日本語）をはっています。くわしくはそち らをどうぞ！（→草原文明研究所の設置構想）

さて、池田は、桜美林大学の都馬バイカル教授と協力しながら、持 続可能な開発目標を踏まえて、モンゴル草原文明研究所の構想を立ち上げました。これは2014年に桜美林大学でおこなった「私のモンゴル三昧」 での講演で次のような構想をお話したことに基づきます；「遊牧パラダイ ムというものがあって、生態とか環境が文明や文化をつくるんだというような議論」を踏まえ「持続可能型の社会の可能性として、遊牧とか遊牧文化のエネル ギーフローというものを見」て「 サスティナブル（持続可能）な地球環境問題をどう考えていくのかということで、今必死に経済学や、開発学の人たちが、近代国家がどのようにして、伝統的な 過去に逆戻りするのではなくて現代社会をリニューアルするにはどういうふうに社会やエコロジーを変えていこうかとかそういう動き」に呼応することです。そ して「最後にオレ・ワタシは一人一人、自分 が持つ夢はなんだろうってのを明確化すること。その夢を実現させるために自分たち一人一人が、草原文明研究所やあるいはモンゴル研究所を持たなくてはならない ということ」に始まっています（→「私のモンゴル三昧」）

持続可能な開発目標（SDGs）——通称「グローバル・ゴールズ」——とはなんでしょう か。国連では、視認性に優れたすばらしいロゴタイプとテーマシンボルをデザインしています。それは素晴らしいマークだけでなく、未来の世界（具体的 には2030年まで）に、１７の 持 続可能な開発目標（SDGs）を国連に加盟する各国のみならず、地球市民のひとりひとりが具体的に実現しようという提案でもあります。１７の持続可能な開 発目標（SDGs）を駐日代表事務所の翻訳とリンクを掲げてみます。この簡潔な目標を、皆さんのまわ りで実現するためには、具体的にどのようなことが必要なのか、各人で考えてみましょう。

また2020年当初から国連は世界保健機関＝WHOを通して、新型コロナウィルス感染症 （COVID-19）の流行について懸念しており。2020年秋の時点では、SDGsの目標達成にも、おおきな地球的課題であると指摘しています。詳しく は（→「COVID-19と国連の持続可能な開発目標」 をご覧ください）

●地球市民になることを、ぜひとも、モンゴル文明・モンゴル文化を参考にしましょう

地球市民大学：コスモポリタン（→「法に従うひとがコスモポリタンである」）：複数の経路がある：

モ ンゴル文化・モンゴル文明の特徴

１）融和の精神

２）対話の精神

３）生命を大切にする

●SDGsの意義を知るためには、UNDP（United Nations Development Programme）国際連合開発計画がはじまった1965年から考えないとなりません。

Present image of the UNDP

"The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global development network. It promotes technical and investment cooperation among nations and advocates for change and connects countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life for themselves. The UNDP provides expert advice, training and grants support to developing countries, with increasing emphasis on assistance to the least developed countries. UNDP works with nations on their own solutions to global and national development challenges. As they develop local capacity, they draw on the people of UNDP and its wide range of partners. However UNDP offers to help only if the different nations request it to do so.[3] The UNDP is funded entirely by voluntary contributions from UN member states. The organization operates in 177 countries, where it works with local governments to meet development challenges and develop local capacity. It works internationally to help countries achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). UNDP was one of the main UN agencies involved in the development of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. To accomplish the SDGs and encourage global development, UNDP focuses on poverty reduction, HIV/AIDS, democratic governance, energy and environment, social development, and crisis prevention and recovery. The UNDP Human Development Report Office also publishes an annual Human Development Report (since 1990) to measure and analyse developmental progress. In addition to a global Report, UNDP publishes regional, national, and local Human Development Reports.[4] Headquartered in New York City, the status of UNDP is that of an executive board within the United Nations General Assembly. The UNDP Administrator is the third highest-ranking official of the United Nations after the United Nations Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General.[5]" - Wiki, UNDP.

History of the UNDP, 1965 - present days

Present days, Introduction to 2016-2030 by UN Archive.


"The Post-2015 Development Agenda was a process from 2012 to 2015 led by the United Nations to define the future global development framework that would succeed the Millennium Development Goals. The new framework, starting from 2016 is called Sustainable Development Goals./ The current UN development agenda is centred on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)[2] that were officially established following the Millennium Summit of the UN in 2000. The MDGs encapsulate eight globally agreed goals in the areas of poverty alleviation, education, gender equality and empowerment of women, child and maternal health, environmental sustainability, reducing HIV/AIDS and communicable diseases, and building a global partnership for development. The MDG's overall target date is 2015.[3]/ At the 2010 High Level Plenary Meeting of the UN General Assembly to review progress towards the MDGs, governments called for accelerating progress and for thinking on ways to advance the development agenda beyond 2015.[4] After the 2010 High Level Plenary Meeting, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has taken several initiatives. He has established a UN System Task Team, launched a High Level Panel of Eminent Persons and appointed Amina J. Mohammed as his own Special Advisor on Post-2015 Development Planning.[5] These processes are complemented by a set of eleven global thematic consultations and national consultations in 88 countries][6] facilitated by the United Nations Development Group (UNDG)."- The Post-2015 Development Agenda.


"The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016. All 191 United Nations member states, and at least 22 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015: To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger To achieve universal primary education To promote gender equality and empower women To reduce child mortality To improve maternal health To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases To ensure environmental sustainability[1] To develop a global partnership for development[2] The Millennium Development Goals are a UN initiative. Each goal had specific targets, and dates for achieving those targets. The 8 goals were measured by 21 targets. To accelerate progress, the G8 finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel $40 to $55 billion in debt owed by members of the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) to allow them to redirect resources to programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty."-　Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

Introduction, 2000-2015, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). by UN Archive.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

On 8 September 2000, following a three-day Millennium Summit of world leaders gathered in New York at the headquarters of the United Nations, the UN General Assembly adopted some 60 goals regarding peace; development; environment; human rights; the vulnerable, hungry, and poor; Africa; and the United Nations which is called Millennium Declaration (Resolution 55/2).[1] A follow-up outcome of the resolution was passed by the General Assembly on 14 December 2000 to guide its implementation. Progress on implementation of the Declaration was reviewed at the 2005 World Summit of leaders.[2][3] The Declaration includes 8 chapters and 32 paragraphs.

• Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
• Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
• Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates
• Goal 5: Improve maternal health
• Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
• Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
• Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
  

++++

"The MDGs were developed out of several commitments set forth in the Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets,[6] and a series of measurable health indicators and economic indicators for each target.[7][8]"


• Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day
• Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People
• Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
  
• Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
• Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of Primary education/primary schooling, girls and boys
  
• Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
• Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015
  
• Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates
• Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
  
• Goal 5: Improve maternal health
• Target 5A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
• Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
  
• Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
• Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
• Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
• Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
  
• Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
• Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources
• Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
• Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
• arget 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers
  
• Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
• Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
• Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
• Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States
• Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
• Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries
• Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications
  

Precursors of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

"The Brahimi Report provided the basis of the goals in the area of peace and security[Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping]. The Millennium Summit Declaration was, however, only part of the origins of the MDGs. More ideas came from Adam Figueroa, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. A series of UN‑led conferences in the 1990s focused on issues such as children, nutrition, human rights and women. The OECD criticized major donors for reducing their levels of Official Development Assistance (ODA). UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan signed a report titled, We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century. The OECD had formed its International Development Goals (IDGs) and the two efforts were combined for the World Bank's 2001 meeting to form the MDGs.[4]"

Lakhdar Brahimi, 1934- :"is an Algerian United Nations diplomat who served as the United Nations and Arab League Special Envoy to Syria until 14 May 2014.[1] He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria from 1991 to 1993. He is also a member of The Elders, a group of world leaders working for global peace.[2] Brahimi is a member of the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor, the first global initiative to focus specifically on the link between exclusion, poverty and law. He has also been a Member of the Global Leadership Foundation since 2008, an organization which works to promote good governance around the world. He is currently a distinguished senior fellow at the Centre for the Study of Global Governance at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and a governing board member of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.[3] He relinquished his post as UN Special Envoy to Syria on 31 May 2014.[4]"

Human Development Reports 1990-2020, by the UNDP.

Human Development Report, Introduction, 1991-1999, by the UNDP.

Human Development Report 1990, by the UNDP. (In 1990, the UN Development Programme launched the first Human Development Report.)

3rd development decade, Introduction, 1981-1990, by UN Archive.

2nd development decade, Introduction, 1971-1980, by UN Archive

1st development decade, Introduction, 1960-1970, by UN Archive

"The UNDP was founded on 22 November 1965 with the merging of the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance (EPTA) and the Special Fund.[6] The rationale was to "avoid duplication of [their] activities". The EPTA was set up in 1949 to help the economic and political aspects of underdeveloped countries while the Special Fund was to enlarge the scope of UN technical assistance. The Special Fund arose from the idea of a Special United Nations Fund for Economic Development (SUNFED) (which was initially called the United Nations Fund for Economic Development (UNFED).[7] Countries such as the Nordic countries were proponents of such a United Nations (UN) controlled fund. However, the fund was opposed by developed countries, especially by the United States who was wary of the Third World dominating such a funding and preferred it to be under the auspices of the World Bank. The concept of SUNFED was dropped to form the Special Fund. This Special Fund was a compromise over the SUNFED concept, it did not provide investment capital, but only helped to bring pre-conditions for private investment. With the US proposing and creating the International Development Association within the World Bank's umbrella, the EPTA and the Special Fund appeared to be conducting similar work. In 1962, the United Nations Economic and Social Council asked the Secretary General to consider the merits and disadvantages of merging UN technical assistance programs and in 1966, the EPTA and the Special Fund merged to form the UNDP.[8][9][10]"

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サイト外リンク

• SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTKNOWLEDGE PLATFORM／Communications materials - SDG LOGO, INCLUDING COLOUR WHEEL AND 17 ICONS／UNDP駐日代表事務所／Stanford d-school／︎Pax Mongolica▶︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎
  

サイト内リンク

• 池田光穂「私のモンゴル三昧」︎▶︎21世紀の医療にむけて▶︎︎人類学者とは誰のことか？▶︎アジアの域内労働移動のトレンド▶︎︎▶︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎︎▶︎▶︎
  

文献

• 池田光穂「持続可能性の意味」
  

その他の情報