LGBTI, LGBTQ+
Intersex and LGBT, LGBT and Intersex
解説:池田光穂
LGBTI とは、レズビアン、ゲイ、バイセクシュアル、トランスセクシュアル、そしてインターセックスのまとめる総称である。
Intersex people are born with sex characteristics (such as
genitals, gonads, and chromosome patterns) that "do not fit the typical
definitions for male or female bodies. - Wiki.
They are substantially more likely to identify as lesbian, gay,
bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) than the non-intersex population, with
an estimated 52% identifying as non-heterosexual and 8.5% to 20%
experiencing gender dysphoria. Although many intersex people are
heterosexual and cisgender,[3][4] this overlap and "shared experiences
of harm arising from dominant societal sex and gender norms" has led to
intersex people often being included under the LGBT umbrella, with the
acronym sometimes expanded to LGBTI.[5][a] However, some intersex
activists and organisations have criticised this inclusion as
distracting from intersex-specific issues such as involuntary medical
interventions.
●クイア理論(こちらも参照してください)
Queer bodies --
Intersex activists such as Morgan Carpenter have sometimes talked of
intersex bodies as "queer bodies."[11] Activists and scholars such as
Carpenter,[12] Morgan Holmes[13] and Katrina Karkazis[14] have
documented a heteronormativity in medical rationales for the surgical
normalization of infants and children born with atypical sex
development. In What Can Queer Theory Do for Intersex? Iain Morland
contrasts queer "hedonic activism" with an experience of insensate
post-surgical intersex bodies to claim that "queerness is characterized
by the sensory interrelation of pleasure and shame."[15]
テレサ・ド・ローレティス(Teresa de Lauretis, 1991)は、レズビアンとゲイのための共同体論として、クイア・ネーション(Queer nation)を提唱し、そこでは〈異性愛〉と〈同性愛〉をアレかコレかというふうに対立的にみる見方を拒否し、非規範的なセクシュアリティにもとづく共 同性を構想した。
クイア(Queer) とは、日本語のニュアンスでは、オカマとか変態という意味である。一般的にこれらの用語は、蔑称として使われ、そう呼ばれる当事者の人たちをそうでないマ ジョリティの人たちが蔑むために使われてきたことばある。ド・ローレティスは、このような差別—被差別の構造を逆転すべく、クイアを自称することは恥ずか しくない、尊厳的をもってクイアを自称することになんら問題がないと主張した。そして、それを、クイア・ネーションという、「国民国家」の比喩をもちいて、類似のアイデンティティを有する共同体なのであ るという価値転換を試みた。
クイア・ネーションにおいては、性的な態度(sexual orientation)による人間の判断区分——そのもっとも根強い偏見は性的な態度を〈異性愛〉か〈同性愛〉のどちらかに二者択一の枠組みの中に押し 込めようとする姿勢である——することを拒絶する。クイア・ネーションにおいて、性転換者、トランスベスタイド、変態、バイセクシュアルなどが、その存在 を承認される。
理論的系譜としては、ポスト構造主義、反本質主義、脱構築の流れに位置づけることができる。
クイア理論は、セクシュアリティの相対的自律性を主張するために、レズビアンあるいはゲイ研究から派生したものであるが、ジェンダーアイデン ティティを女・男の二項対立に還元する立場に対しても距離をとる。
Queer theory is a field of post-structuralist critical theory that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of queer studies and women's studies. Queer theory includes both queer readings of texts and the theorisation of 'queerness' itself. Heavily influenced by the work of Lauren Berlant, Leo Bersani, Judith Butler, Lee Edelman, Jack Halberstam, David Halperin, José Esteban Muñoz, and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, queer theory builds both upon feminist challenges to the idea that gender is part of the essential self and upon gay/lesbian studies' close examination of the socially constructed nature of sexual acts and identities. Whereas gay/lesbian studies focused its inquiries into natural and unnatural behaviour with respect to homosexual behaviour, queer theory expands its focus to encompass any kind of sexual activity or identity that falls into normative and deviant categories. Italian feminist and film theorist Teresa de Lauretis coined the term "queer theory" for a conference she organized at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1990 and a special issue of Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies she edited based on that conference. Queer theory - Wiki
■クイアに積極的な意味を見いだす6つの理由("6 Reasons You Need to Use the Word "Queer""から)
クイアに上掲のような(規制の価値概念の)破壊的意味をもつのだが、それを6つの理由を提示して示したのが、"6 Reasons You Need to Use the Word "Queer""の サイトである。その6つの理由を次のようにまとめるとことができる。1)包括的である(Inclusivity)、2)悪い意味のレッテルを解体し、それ を剥がす作用をもつ(The un-label-y-ist of labels )、3)自ら改心したことを示すパワー(Power in being reclaimed )、4)これらが問題含み=questioning なのだということを主張する(Necessary for those questioning )、5)オトコかオンナかという2つにひとつという考え方から自由になる(Breaks down binaries )、そして、6)すでに確立したLGBT=レズビアン+ゲイ+バイセクシュアル+トランスジェンダーと連携連帯する(Unites the LGBT community )ということである。—("6 Reasons You Need to Use the Word "Queer""から)
■し かしながら"LGBTQ"のQって、クイアのことではない!
LGBTにQをつけLGBTQということがあるのをご存知でしょうか?——この場合のQは、Questioning(クエスチョニング)と いい「自分じしんの性自認や性的指向が定まっていない人たち」のことをさす。
このQ をクイアとする理解もあったが、クイアがもつ破壊力をクイア当事者たちは自らの自己アイデンティティの力となすことはできず、アンビバレントな用語とし て、これが使われるようになった。
参照サイト:「「LGBTQ」の”Q”って
何?」(LGBTラボ)
■性的なことは政治的なことである!(The Sexual is Political, by Slavoj Zizek, Aug 01, 2016)
"So what is “transgenderism”?
It occurs when an individual experiences discord between his/her
biological sex (and the corresponding gender, male or female, assigned
to him/her by society at birth) and his/her subjective identity. As
such, it does not concern only “men who feel and act like women” and
vice versa but a complex structure of additional “genderqueer”
positions which are outside the very binary opposition of masculine and
feminine: bigender, trigender, pangender, genderfluid, up to agender.
The vision of social relations that sustains transgenderism is the
so-called postgenderism: a social, political and cultural movement
whose adherents advocate a voluntary abolition of gender, rendered
possible by recent scientific progress in biotechnology and
reproductive technologies. Their proposal not only concerns scientific
possibility, but is also ethically grounded. The premise of
postgenderism is that the social, emotional and cognitive consequences
of fixed gender roles are an obstacle to full human emancipation. A
society in which reproduction through sex is eliminated (or in which
other versions will be possible: a woman can also “father” her child,
etc.) will open unheard-of new possibilities of freedom, social and
emotional experimenting. It will eliminate the crucial distinction that
sustains all subsequent social hierarchies and exploitations." - The
Sexual is Political, by Slavoj Zizek, Aug 01, 2016
参考文献
【余滴】
からゆきさんの還暦記念の男装写真「もうおなごは嫌じゃ、わしはもうおなごでなくなったとじゃけん、これからは男になるとじゃ」木下クニ、ドゥールズ的実践に喝采!(山崎 1972:211)
出典:山崎朋子「おクニさんの故郷」山崎朋子『サンダカン八番娼館 : 底辺女性史序章』筑摩書房、1972年
【関連リンク】サイト外
【関連リンク】
【資料集】
Queerness, in the work of theorists like Judith Butler and Eve Sedgwick, is as much a semiotic as it is a social phenomenon. To say that someone is "queer" indicates an indeterminacy or indecipherability about their sexuality and gender, a sense that they cannot be categorized without a careful contextual examination and, perhaps, a whole new rubric. For gender to be, in Judith Butler's words, "intelligible," ancillary traits and behaviors must divide and align themselves beneath a master division between male and female anatomy.
From people's anatomy, we can supposedly infer other things about them: the gender of the people they desire, the sartorial and sexual practices they engage in, the general elements of culture that they are attracted to or repulsed by, and the gender of their "primary identification." While in practice each of these categories is rather elastic, it is usually when they do not line up in expected ways (say, when a man wears a dress and desires men) that one crosses from normative spaces into "queer" ones. In Butler's view, queer activities like drag and unexpected identifications and sexual practices reveal the arbitrariness of conventional gender distinctions by parodying them to the point where they become ridiculous or ineffective.
(Hedges, from his article, "Howells's 'Wretched Fetishes': Character, Realism, and Other Modern Instances." Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 38.1 Spring1996.)
出典は、Queer:下記(Klages, Mary)より引用なのですがすでに、リンク先には情報がありません。Klages, Mary.Queer Theory.http://www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL2012Klages/queertheory.html (July 28, 2001)