 1941年7月11日に情報調整局（COI, OCIとも, Office of the
Coordinator of
Information）ができる。「それまで国務省、陸軍省、海軍省などが別々に重複して行っていた情報活動の調整を担当する情報調整官
（Coordinator of
Information）の部局として、フランクリン・ルーズベルト大統領が設置したアメリカ合衆国の諜報・プロパガンダ機関であり、現行のCIAなどの
前身の1つ」といわれる。その沿革は、こうである。「フランクリン・ルーズベルト大統領はニューヨークの弁護士ウィリアム・ドノバンや劇作家・映画脚本家でルーズベルト大統領のスピーチライ
ターであったロバート・シャーウッド（Robert E.
Sherwood, 1896-1955）からの説得でOCIの設立を決定した[4]。イギリス海軍情報部部長ジョン・ヘンリー・ゴドフリー（John Henry Godfrey,
1888-1970）やニューヨークのイギリス秘密情報部直属の英国安全調整機関British
Security Coordination(BSC)のウィリアム・スティーブンソン（Sir William
Samuel Stephenson, 1897-1989）らも大統領に設立を促していた。」
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1941年7月1日アメリカが、世界初と
なるテレビ放送を開始。
7月1日関東軍特種演習（関東軍、対ソ戦を準備、 - 8月）。
7月16日 - 第2次近衛内閣総辞職（松岡洋右外相更迭）2日後に第3次近衛内閣成立（外相豊田貞次郎）
7月25-27日 -
米が在米対日資産を凍結。英が在英日本資産を凍結。極東アメリカ軍をフィリピンに創設（司令官ダグラス・マッカーサー中将）。蘭印が在蘭印日本資産を凍結
7月28日 - 日本軍、フランス領インドシナ南部進駐
8月1日 - 米、石油の対日輸出全面禁止を発表
8月12日 - フランクリン・ルーズベルトとウィンストン・チャーチルが大西洋憲章に調印。
8月25日 - イギリス・ソビエト連邦がイラン進駐を開始
9月6日 - 御前会議にて帝国国策遂行要領を決定。
10月16日 - 近衛首相、内閣を総辞職。2日後、 東條英機が内閣総理大臣となり、東條内閣を組閣。
11月26日ハル国務長官が日本側乙案を拒否し中国撤兵要求を提議（ハル・ノート）
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ドノバンは軍事的インテリジェンスと秘密作戦を担当し、シャーウッドは米国内の情
報宣伝と外国でのプロパガンダを担当した。設立に伴い、海外情報サービス（FIS）が運用され、国際ラジオ放送（VOAの前身）が開始され、1941年
12月の日本の真珠湾攻撃以後は日本に向けた戦争のプロパガンダの手段として利用された[5]。シャーウッドは、ラジオプロデューサーでルーマニア出身の
ジョン・ハウスマンを雇い、枢軸国側に向けたプロパガンダ放送局ボイス・オブ・アメリカを運営した[6]。ナチス・ドイツに向けた最初の放送は1942年
2月1日に放送され、「わたしたちはこれから真実を放送する」と告げた[7]。ドノバ
ンの構想では、プロパガンダ（広報）を軍事戦略として用い、シャーウッドはのちにパブリックディプロマシー（政府と民間が連携して広報や文化交流
を通じて外国の国民や世論に直接働きかける外交活動[8]）として知られる手法を主張し、両者はしばしば方針をめぐって対立した[9]。
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1941年12月6日 -
ルーズベルト大統領が日米交渉の中で、昭和天皇に対し「平和を志向し関係改善を目指す」との親電を送る。イギリスがフィンランド・ハンガリー王国・ルーマ
ニア王国に対して宣戦布告。
12月8日 - 日本軍のマレー半島上陸および真珠湾攻撃で太平洋戦争（大東亜戦争）が開戦
12月9日 - 中華民国（重慶政府、蔣介石政権）、日独伊に宣戦布告。
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1942年6月13日、ルーズベルトは（大統領令9182に基づいて）情
報調査局を、戦略情報局,
OSS(Office
of Strategic Services、現在の中央情報局）と戦時情
報局 OWI(Office of War
Information、のち国務省隷下となりアメリカ合衆国情報庁 United States Information Agency
(USIA))とに分割した。
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 戦略情報局,
OSS(Office
of Strategic Services)は情報調整局（COI）の後身の1つとして、設置された1942年6月13日から解散された
1945年9月20日まで活動し、長官を前身の情報調整官（Coordinator of
Information）だったウィリアム・ドノバン少将が続投して解散まで一貫して務め[2]、その後に曲折を経て現在のアメリカ中央情報局（CIA）の前身と
なった。
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OSS
proved especially useful in providing a worldwide overview of the
German war effort, its strengths and weaknesses. In direct operations
it was successful in supporting Operation Torch in French North Africa
in 1942, where it identified pro-Allied potential supporters and
located landing sites. OSS operations in neutral countries, especially
Stockholm, Sweden, provided in-depth information on German advanced
technology. The Madrid station set up agent networks in France that
supported the Allied invasion of southern France in 1944. Most famous
were the operations in Switzerland run by Allen Dulles that provided
extensive information on German strength, air defenses, submarine
production, and the V-1 and V-2 weapons. It revealed some of the secret
German efforts in chemical and biological warfare. Switzerland's
station also supported resistance fighters in France and Italy, and
helped with the surrender of German forces in Italy in 1945.[7]
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"For the duration
of World War II, the Office of Strategic Services was conducting
multiple activities and missions, including collecting intelligence by
spying, performing acts of sabotage, waging propaganda war, organizing
and coordinating anti-Nazi resistance groups in Europe, and providing
military training for anti-Japanese guerrilla movements in Asia, among
other things.[8] At the height of its influence during World War II,
the OSS employed almost 24,000 people.[9]"
***
"The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the
British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations
Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services
(OSS) established by a Presidential military order issued by President
Roosevelt on June 13, 1942."- History of the CIA
++++++++++++++++++++++
OWIには、海外戦意分析課（Foreign Morale Analysis Division, FMAD）
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MO作戦:「1942
年4月23日の機密南洋部隊命令作第一三号において、ポートモレスビー及びツラギ攻略の作戦命令が発せられた。作戦の骨子は次の通り。4月25日ごろから
第五空襲部隊は航空攻撃を実施する。5月3日未明ツラギを攻略し、大艇を進出させ、さらにデボイネに水偵を進出させる。これらの警戒の下に攻略部隊はジョ
マード水道から珊瑚海に出てポートモレスビーに進出し、5月10日未明同地に上陸する。攻略後直ちに第五空襲部隊の一部が進出する。また一部兵力をもって
5月12日サマライを攻略し、補給の中継基地とし、ツラギを攻略した部隊をもって5月15日ナウル、オーシャンを攻略する。機動部隊はポートモレスビー攻
略に先立ち、敵爆撃機の基地とみられる豪州北東部を奇襲して敵大中型機を制圧するとともに敵水上部隊の出現に備えて攻略部隊の間接支援に任じ、更に引き揚
げを利用してナウル、オーシャンの攻略を支援する[2]。（しかし、実際は5月、珊瑚海海戦が発生。
5月10日13時30分、珊瑚海海戦の結果を受けて連合艦隊は「ポートモレスビー攻略作戦を第三期に延期す」と発令した[8]。5月18日、軍令部はFS
作戦間に再び実施することに改め、FS作戦と第二次MO作戦を指示した。しかし、6月にミッドウェー作戦で空母4隻を失い、ミッドウェー島の攻略も失敗し
たため、6月11日、軍令部はFS作戦の延期とポートモレスビー陸路攻略のための作戦路の探索を命じた[9]。）7月11日、FS作戦の中止が発令され
た。」
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From 1943–1945,
the OSS played a major role in training Kuomintang troops in China and
Burma, and recruited Kachin and other indigenous irregular forces for
sabotage as well as guides for Allied forces in Burma fighting the
Japanese Army. Among other activities, the OSS helped arm, train, and
supply resistance movements in areas occupied by the Axis powers during
World War II, including Mao Zedong's Red Army in China (known as the
Dixie Mission) and the Viet Minh in French Indochina. OSS officer
Archimedes Patti played a central role in OSS operations in French
Indochina and met frequently with Ho Chi Minh in 1945.[10]
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（→ビルマ・キャンペーン）
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One of the
greatest accomplishments of the OSS during World War II was its
penetration of Nazi Germany by OSS operatives. The OSS was responsible
for training German and Austrian individuals for missions inside
Germany. Some of these agents included exiled communists and Socialist
party members, labor activists, anti-Nazi prisoners-of-war, and German
and Jewish refugees. The OSS also recruited and ran one of the war's
most important spies, the German diplomat Fritz Kolbe.
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From 1943 the OSS
was in contact with the Austrian resistance group around Kaplan
Heinrich Maier. As a result, plans and production facilities for V-2
rockets, Tiger tanks and aircraft (Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt
Me 163 Komet, etc.) were passed on to Allied general staffs in order to
enable Allied bombers to get accurate air strikes. The Maier group
informed very early about the mass murder of Jews through its contacts
with the Semperit factory near Auschwitz. The group was gradually
dismantled by the German authorities because of a double agent who
worked for both the OSS and the Gestapo. This uncovered a transfer of
money from the Americans to Vienna via Istanbul and Budapest, and most
of the members were executed after a People's Court hearing.[11][12]
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ナチスのロケット開発情報の収集（→「ペーパークリップ作戦」）
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MO, X-2
***
"On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S.
Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October
1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State
and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public
mention of the "Central Intelligence Agency" appeared on a
command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur
Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of
1945.[55] Army Intelligence agent Colonel Sidney Mashbir and Commander
Ellis M. Zacharias worked together for four months at the direction of
Fleet Admiral Joseph Ernest King, and prepared the first draft and
implementing directives for the creation of what would become the
Central Intelligence Agency.[56][57][58] Despite opposition from the
military establishment, the United States Department of State and the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),[59] Truman established the
National Intelligence Authority[60] in January 1946. Its operational
extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG),[61] which
was the direct predecessor of the CIA.[62]"- History of the CIA
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FBI Fingerprint Archive, 1944
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The Strategic
Services Unit (SSU) was an
intelligence agency of the United States government that existed in the
immediate post–World War II period. It was created from the Secret Intelligence and Counter-Espionage branches of the
wartime Office
of Strategic Services.
Assistant Secretary of War John J. McCloy was instrumental in
preserving the two branches of the OSS as a going-concern with a view
to forming a permanent peace-time intelligence agency. The unit was
established on October 1, 1945 through Executive Order 9621, which
simultaneously abolished the OSS.[1] The SSU was headed by General John
Magruder.[2][3][4]
In January 1946, a new National
Intelligence Authority was established along with a small Central
Intelligence Group (CIG). On April 2, 1946 the
Strategic Services Unit was
transferred to the new group as the Office of Special Operations and a
transfer of personnel began immediately.
In 1947, the Central Intelligence Agency was established under the 1947
National Security Act, incorporating the Central Intelligence Group. In
August 1952, the Office of Special Operations was combined with the
Office of Policy Coordination to form the Directorate of Plans.
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The National
Intelligence Authority (NIA) was the United States Government
authority responsible for monitoring the Central Intelligence Group (CIG), the successor intelligence
agency of the Office
of Strategic Services established by President Harry S. Truman's
presidential directive of 22 January 1946[1] in the aftermath of World
War II. The National
Intelligence Authority and Central Intelligence Group were both
replaced respectively by the National
Security Council (国家安全保障会議)
and the Central Intelligence Agency
under the National Security Act of 1947, which was implemented on 18
September 1947.[2]
***
"Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was
principal draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947,[63][64][65]
which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National
Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency.[61][66] In 1949
Houston helped to draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act (Pub.L.
81–110), which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and
administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the
use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose
its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers
of personnel employed." It created the program "PL-110" to handle
defectors and other "essential aliens" who fell outside normal
immigration procedures.[67][68]"- History of the CIA |
National
Security Act of 1947 (国家安全保障法);
The National Security Act of 1947 was a law enacting major
restructuring of the United States government's military and
intelligence agencies following World War II. The majority of the
provisions of the Act took effect on September 18, 1947, the day after
the Senate confirmed James Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense.
The immediate predecessor to the National Security Council was the
National Intelligence Authority (NIA), which was established by President Harry
S. Truman's Executive Letter of January 22, 1946, to oversee the Central Intelligence Group, the
CIA's predecessor. The NIA was composed of the Secretary of State, the
Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Chief of Staff to
the Commander in Chief.
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| "At
the outset of the Korean War the CIA still only had a few thousand
employees, around one thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence
primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its
reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military
dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA still lacked its
intelligence gathering abilities.[69] On August 21, 1950, shortly after
the invasion of South Korea, Truman announced Walter Bedell Smith as
the new Director of the CIA to correct what was seen as a grave failure
of Intelligence.[clarification needed][69]"- History of the CIA
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冷戦構造とCIA
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