応用倫理学
applied ethics
応用倫理学
applied ethics
★応用倫理学とは、道徳的配慮の実践的側面である。私生活や公的生活、専門職、健康、技術、
法律、リーダーシップなどにおける現実の行為とその道徳的考察に関する倫理学である。例えば、生命倫理は、安楽死、希少な医療資源の配分、研究におけるヒ
ト胚の使用など、生命科学における道徳的問題に対する最善のアプローチを特定することに関わる。環境倫理学は、公害を浄化する政府や企業の責任など、生態
系の問題を扱う。企業倫理には、一般市民や雇用主に対する内部告発者の義務も含まれる（→応用倫理学語彙集）。
| Applied ethics
is the practical aspect of moral considerations. It is ethics with
respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations in private
and public life, the professions, health, technology, law, and
leadership.[1] For example, bioethics is concerned with identifying the
best approach to moral issues in the life sciences, such as euthanasia,
the allocation of scarce health resources, or the use of human embryos
in research.[2][3][4] Environmental ethics is concerned with ecological
issues such as the responsibility of government and corporations to
clean up pollution.[5] Business ethics includes the duties of
whistleblowers to the public and to their employers.[6] |
応用倫理学とは、道徳的配慮の実践的側面である。私生活や
公的生活、専門職、健康、技術、法律、リーダーシップなどにおける現実の行為とその道徳的考察に関する倫理学である。例えば、生命倫理は、安楽死、希少な
医療資源の配分、研究におけるヒト胚の使用など、生命科学における道徳的問題に対する最善のアプローチを特定することに関わる。環境倫理学は、公害を浄化
する政府や企業の責任など、生態系の問題を扱う。企業倫理には、一般市民や雇用主に対する内部告発者の義務も含まれる。 |
| History Applied ethics has expanded the study of ethics beyond the realms of academic philosophical discourse.[7] The field of applied ethics, as it appears today, emerged from debate surrounding rapid medical and technological advances in the early 1970s and is now established as a subdiscipline of moral philosophy. However, applied ethics is, by its very nature, a multi-professional subject because it requires specialist understanding of the potential ethical issues in fields like medicine, business or information technology. Nowadays, ethical codes of conduct exist in almost every profession.[8] An applied ethics approach to the examination of moral dilemmas can take many different forms but one of the most influential and most widely utilised approaches in bioethics and health care ethics is the four-principle approach developed by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress.[9] The four-principle approach, commonly termed principlism, entails consideration and application of four prima facie ethical principles: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. |
歴史 応用倫理学は、学術的な哲学的言説の領域を超えて倫理の研究を拡大してきた[7]。今日見られる応用倫理学の分野は、1970年代初頭に急速な医療や技術 の進歩をめぐる議論から生まれ、現在では道徳哲学の一分野として確立している。しかし、応用倫理学はその性質上、医療、ビジネス、情報技術などの分野で起 こりうる倫理的問題を専門的に理解する必要があるため、多職種が関わる学問である。今日では、ほとんどすべての職業において倫理的行動規範が存在する。 道徳的ジレンマの検討に対する応用倫理学的アプローチは、様々な形態をとることができるが、生命倫理学や医療倫理学において最も影響力があり、最も広く利 用されているアプローチのひとつが、トム・ボーシャン（Tom Beauchamp）とジェームス・チルドレス（James Childress）によって開発された4原則アプローチである[9]。4原則アプローチは、一般的にプリンシプル主義と呼ばれ、自律性、非マレフィケン ス、恩恵、正義という4つの一応の倫理原則の検討と適用を伴う。 |
| Underpinning theory Applied ethics is distinguished from normative ethics, which concerns standards for right and wrong behavior, and from meta-ethics, which concerns the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments.[10] Whilst these three areas of ethics appear to be distinct, they are also interrelated. The use of an applied ethics approach often draws upon these normative ethical theories: Consequentialist ethics, which hold that the rightness of acts depends only on their consequences.[11] The paradigmatic consequentialist theory is Utilitarianism, which classically holds that whether an act is morally right depends on whether it maximizes net aggregated psychological wellbeing. This theory's main developments came from Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill who distinguished between Act and Rule utilitarianism. Notable later developments were made by Henry Sidgwick who introduced the significance of motive or intent, and R. M. Hare who introduced the significance of preference in utilitarian decision-making. Other forms of consequentialism include Prioritarianism. Deontological ethics, which hold that acts have an inherent rightness or wrongness regardless of their context or consequences. This approach is epitomized by Immanuel Kant's notion of the categorical imperative, which was the centre of Kant's ethical theory based on duty. Another key deontological theory is natural law, which was heavily developed by Thomas Aquinas and is an important part of the Catholic Church's teaching on morals. Threshold deontology holds that rules ought to govern up to a point despite adverse consequences; but when the consequences become so dire that they cross a stipulated threshold, consequentialism takes over.[12] Virtue ethics, derived from Aristotle's and Confucius' notions, which asserts that the right action will be that chosen by a suitably 'virtuous' agent. Normative ethical theories can clash when trying to resolve real-world ethical dilemmas. One approach attempting to overcome the divide between consequentialism and deontology is case-based reasoning, also known as casuistry. Casuistry does not begin with theory, rather it starts with the immediate facts of a real and concrete case. While casuistry makes use of ethical theory, it does not view ethical theory as the most important feature of moral reasoning. Casuists, like Albert Jonsen and Stephen Toulmin (The Abuse of Casuistry, 1988), challenge the traditional paradigm of applied ethics. Instead of starting from theory and applying theory to a particular case, casuists start with the particular case itself and then ask what morally significant features (including both theory and practical considerations) ought to be considered for that particular case. In their observations of medical ethics committees, Jonsen and Toulmin note that a consensus on particularly problematic moral cases often emerges when participants focus on the facts of the case, rather than on ideology or theory. Thus, a Rabbi, a Catholic priest, and an agnostic might agree that, in this particular case, the best approach is to withhold extraordinary medical care, while disagreeing on the reasons that support their individual positions. By focusing on cases and not on theory, those engaged in moral debate increase the possibility of agreement. Applied ethics was later distinguished from the nascent applied epistemology, which is also under the umbrella of applied philosophy. While the former was concerned with the practical application of moral considerations, the latter focuses on the application of epistemology in solving practical problems.[13] |
基礎理論 応用倫理学は、善悪の行動基準に関する規範倫理学や、倫理的特性、声明、態度、判断の性質に関するメタ倫理学とは区別される[10]。 これら3つの倫理学領域は別個のように見えるが、相互に関連している。応用倫理のアプローチは、しばしばこれらの規範的倫理理論を利用する： 結果論的倫理学は、行為の正しさはその結果のみに依存するとするものである[11]。典型的な結果論的理論は功利主義であり、ある行為が道徳的に正しいか どうかは、それが正味の集合的心理的幸福を最大化するかどうかに依存すると古典的に考えられている。この理論の主な発展は、行為功利主義と規則功利主義を 区別したジェレミー・ベンサムとジョン・スチュアート・ミルによるものである。その後の発展としては、動機や意図の重要性を導入したヘンリー・シジウィッ クや、功利主義的意思決定における選好の重要性を導入したR.M.ヘアが注目される。結果主義の他の形態としては、優先主義がある。 非論理的倫理学（Deontological Ethics）：行為には、その背景や結果に関係なく、固有の正しさや悪さがあるとする。このアプローチは、イマヌエル・カントの定言命法の概念に象徴さ れ、義務に基づくカントの倫理理論の中心であった。トマス・アクィナスによって大きく発展し、カトリック教会の道徳に関する教えの重要な部分を占めてい る。閾値論的脱ontologyは、不利な結果にもかかわらず、ある時点までは規則が支配すべきであるとする。しかし、結果が規定された閾値を超えるほど 悲惨になると、結果論が引き継がれる[12]。 徳倫理学は、アリストテレスや孔子の考え方から派生したもので、正しい行動は適切な「徳のある」行為者によって選択されると主張する。 規範的倫理理論は、現実世界の倫理的ジレンマを解決しようとする際に衝突することがある。結果主義と脱ontologyの間の分裂を克服しようとする一つ のアプローチは、casuistryとしても知られるcase-based reasoningである。詭弁論は理論から始めるのではなく、現実の具体的なケースの事実から始める。casuistryは倫理的な理論を利用するが、 倫理的な理論を道徳的な推論の最も重要な特徴として見ない。アルバート・ジョンセンやスティーブン・トゥールミン（The Abuse of Casuistry, 1988）のような詭弁家は、応用倫理の伝統的なパラダイムに異議を唱えている。理論から出発して特定のケースに理論を適用するのではなく、特定のケース そのものから出発し、その特定のケースに対してどのような道徳的に重要な特徴（理論と実践的考察の両方を含む）を考慮すべきかを問うのである。医療倫理委 員会を観察したジョンセンとトゥールミンは、参加者がイデオロギーや理論ではなく、ケースの事実に焦点を当てたとき、特に道徳的に問題のあるケースについ てのコンセンサスがしばしば生まれると述べている。従って、ラビ、カトリック司祭、不可知論者は、この特定のケースでは、特別な医療を差し控えることが最 良のアプローチであることに同意するかもしれない。理論ではなくケースに焦点を当てることで、道徳的な議論に携わる人々は、合意の可能性を高めることがで きる。 応用倫理学は後に、同じく応用哲学の傘下にある新興の応用認識論と区別されるようになった。前者が道徳的考察の実際的な適用に関心を寄せていたのに対し、後者は実際的な問題の解決における認識論の適用に焦点を当てている[13]。 |
| Economic ethics – Application of ethical principles to economic phenomena Effective altruism – Philosophical and social movement Medical ethics – System of moral principles of the practice of medicine Outline of ethics – Overview of and topical guide to ethics Philosophy – Study of general and fundamental questions Precautionary principle – Risk management strategy Master of Applied Ethics – Professional master's degree in philosophy in China |
経済倫理 - 経済現象への倫理原則の適用 効果的利他主義 - 哲学的・社会的運動 医療倫理 - 医療行為に関する道徳原則の体系 倫理学概論 - 倫理学の概要とトピックガイド 哲学 - 一般的かつ根本的な問題の研究 予防原則 - リスク管理戦略 応用倫理修士 - 中国における哲学の専門修士号 |
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_ethics |
the NIH's Bioethics Resources on the Web!
Abortion
Accounting and business ethics
Acts and omissions
Addiction
Adoption
Advance directives
Advertising
Affirmative Action
Ageism
Agricultural Ethics
AIDS in the developing world
AIDS: Ethical Issues in
Healthcare
Altruism and economics
Animal research
Animal Rights
Anthropocentrism
Appearance, Ethics of
Applied ethics, Challenges to
Applied ethics, Overview
Archaeological Ethics
Aristotelian ethics
Arts, The
Auditing practices
Authority in education
Autonomy
Benefit sharing
Biobanks
Biocentrism
Biodiversity
Bioethics, Overview
Bioinformatics and Ethics
Biometric Technologies, Ethical
Implications
Biopower (Foucault)
Biotechnology
Bioterrorism
Border control/asylum seekers
Brain death
Broadcast Journalism
Buddhism
Business ethics and gender issues
Business Ethics and the Quality of life
Business ethics, Overview
Business Practices and Agent Virtue
Capital Punishment
Care, Ethics of Casuistry
Censorship
Changing Concepts of Race in the Age of Genomics
Child Abuse
Children's Rights
Christian ethics, Protestant
Christian ethics, Roman Catholic
Citizenship
Civil disobedience
Civilian populations in war,
Targeting of Climate change
Clinical ethics
Cloning
Codes of ethics
Coercive treatment in psychiatry
Collective guilt
Communication ethics
Communitarianism
Community Roles in Consent to Research and Research without Individual Informed Consent
Complementary medicine
Computer and information ethics
Computer security
Confidentiality of Sources in Social Research
Confidentiality, General issues of Conflict of interest
Confucian Qing-Based Morality
Conjoined twins
Conscientious objection
Consequentialism and deontology
Consumer rights
Contractarian ethics
Corporate Governance
Corporate responsibility
Corporations, Ethics in Cosmetic surgery
Cosmopolitanism
Crime and society
Custody of children
Cyborgs
Daoism (Taoism)
Darwinism
Death, Definition of
Death, Medical aspects of
Death, Social attitudes towards
Deep Ecology
Defences at criminal law
Democracy
Dental Ethics
Developing world bioethics
Development ethics
Development Issues, Environmental
Dignity
Disability, Definition Within Law and Society
Disaster Relief
Discourse ethics
Discrimination, Concept of
Distributive justice, Theories of
Divorce
Do-not -resuscitate decisions
Drugs: Moral and legal issues
Dual use of biotechnology
Ecological Balance
Economic ethics: an overview
Economic Globalization and Ethico-Political Rights
Economies and Trust
Ectogenesis
Egoism and altruism
Elderly, Social attitudes towards
Election strategies
Electronic surveillance
Embryology, Ethics of
Environmental compliance by industry
Environmental Economics
Environmental Ethics, Overview
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental justice
Epicureanism
Equality and egalitarianism
Ethical experiments
Ethical expertise in policy
Ethical Issues in Genetic databases
Ethical issues in the Payment of research subjects
Ethics and Education: Civil Education
Ethics and Policy
Ethics and Social Services, Overview
Ethics and the Built Environment
Ethics of a Sustainable World
Population in 100 Years
Ethics of Affordable Housing
Ethics of Anatomy
Ethics of Clinical/Randomised trials
Ethics of Technology, Overview
Ethnocultural minority groups, Status and treatment of
Eugenics
Euthanasia (physician-assisted suicide)
Everyday ethics
Evidence-based medicine
Evil, Problem of
Evolutionary perspectives on ethics
Executive com pensation
Existentialism
Exploitation
Family, The
Female circumcision and genital mutilation
Feminist ethics
Fetal research
Fetus
Food ethics
Freedom of Expression
Freudianism
Friendship
Functional Foods and Personalised Nutrition
Gaia Hypothesis
Gambling in the United States
Game theory
Gender roles
Gene therapy
Genetic Ancestry
Genetic counseling
Genetic Engineering (of human beings)
Genetic exceptionalism
Genetic screening
Genetics and behaviour
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Global access to knowledge
Global ethics, Overview
Global Ethics: Approaches
Global Public Goods
Greek ethics, Overview
Gun control
Health and disease, Concepts of
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Health Technology Assessment
Hedonism
Hermeneutics
Hinduism
Homelessness
Homicide, Criminal
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Human Genome Project
Human nature, Views of
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Media Organizations as Social Institutions
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Medical ethics, History of
Medical ethics, Use of empirical evidence in
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Mental Disorder, Concept of
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Military Ethics (was Military codes of behaviour)
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Native American cultures
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Obesity
Objectivity in Reporting
Open source software
Organ Donation and Transplantation
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Pacifism
Paedophilia
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Patents
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Placebo treatment
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Platonism
Playing God
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Police and Race Relations
Political correctness
Political Ecology
Political obligation
Pornography
Posthuman
""Posthuman
or post-human is a concept originating in the fields of science
fiction, futurology, contemporary art, and philosophy that literally
means a person or entity that exists in a state beyond being human. The
concept addresses questions of ethics and justice, language and
trans-species communication, social systems, and the intellectual
aspirations of interdisciplinarity. Posthumanism is not to be confused
with transhumanism (the nanobiotechnological enhancement of human
beings) and narrow definitions of the posthuman as the hoped-for
transcendence of materiality.[1] The notion of the posthuman comes up
both in posthumanism as well as transhumanism, but it has a special
meaning in each tradition. In 2017, Penn State University Press in
cooperation with Stefan Lorenz Sorgner and James Hughes (sociologist)
established the "Journal of Posthuman Studies" in which all aspects of
the concept "posthuman" can be analysed. [2]""- 1. Ferrando, Francesca
"The Body" in Post- and Transhumanism: an Introduction. Peter Lang,
Frankfurt: 2014.; 2. Journal of Posthuman Studies - NICK BOSTROM, 2005,
In Defense of Posthuman Dignity,
Bioethics, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 202-214.
Posthumanism
"PosthumanismP
or post-humanism (meaning "after humanism" or "beyond humanism") is a
term with at least seven definitions according to philosopher Francesca
Ferrando:[1] 1.Antihumanism:
any theory that is critical of traditional humanism and traditional
ideas about humanity and the human condition.[2] 2. Cultural
posthumanism:
a branch of cultural theory critical of the foundational assumptions of
humanism and its legacy[3] that examines and questions the historical
notions of "human" and "human nature", often challenging typical
notions of human subjectivity and embodiment[4] and strives to move
beyond archaic concepts of "human nature" to develop ones which
constantly adapt to contemporary technoscientific knowledge.[5] 3. Philosophical posthumanism:
a philosophical direction which draws on cultural posthumanism, the
philosophical strand examines the ethical implications of expanding the
circle of moral concern and extending subjectivities beyond the human
species. 4. Posthuman condition:
the deconstruction of the human condition by critical theorists.[6]. 5.
Transhumanism:
an ideology and movement which seeks to develop and make available
technologies that eliminate aging and greatly enhance human
intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities, in order to
achieve a "posthuman future".[7] 6. AI
takeover:
A more pessimistic alternative to transhumanism in which humans will
not be enhanced, but rather eventually replaced by artificial
intelligences. Some philosophers, including Nick Land, promote the view
that humans should embrace and accept their eventual demise.[8] This is
related to the view of "cosmism", which supports the building of strong
artificial intelligence even if it may entail the end of humanity, as
in their view it "would be a cosmic tragedy if humanity freezes
evolution at the puny human level".[9][10][11]. 7. Voluntary Human Extinction, which
seeks a "posthuman future" that in this case is a future without
humans."
Poststructuralism
Poverty
Pragmatism
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Preventive Medicine
Principlism
Privacy, Challenges to
Professional ethics
Property Rights
Prostitution
Proteomics
Psychiatric ethics
Psychosurgery and physical brain manipulation
Public Engagement in Science and Technology
Public health ethics
Publish-or-Perish Syndrome
Racism
Rape
Reality TV
Regenerative medicine
Regulation and Censorship in the Internet age
Religion and ethics
Religion in schools
Reproductive technologies, Overview
Reputation management by corporations
Research ethics committees
Research ethics, Clinical
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Research Governance
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Right to know and right not to know
Rights theory
Risk Governance in a Complex World
Safety Laws
Saviour siblings
Science and
Engineering Ethics, Overview
Scientific Publications
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Self-deception
Sen's "Capabilities" and Economic Welfare
Sex equality
Sex selection
Sexism
Sexual Content in Films and Television
Sexual orientation
Sikhism
Slavery
Slippery slope arguments
Social ethics, Overview
Social Network Media: The Ethical Maze of Participation
Social Responsibility Principle
Social Security
Social Welfare: Provision and Finance
Social work
Socially responsible investment
Solidarity
Space ethics
Speciesism
Sports, Ethics of
Stem Cells
Stewardship
Stoicism
Strikes
Suggestion, Ethics of
Suicide (not assisted)
Sustainability
Synthetic Biology
Tabloid Journalism
Technology assessment as an analytic and democratic practice
Technology Transfer
Terrorism
The Ethics of Privacy
The ethics of virtual communities
The Precautionary Principle
Theories of ethics, Overview
Theories of justice: Rawls
Therapeutic misconception
Thomism
Tourism
Trade Law and Globalization
"Transhumanism (abbreviated as H+ or h+) is an international philosophical movement that advocates for the transformation of the human condition by developing and making widely available sophisticated technologies to greatly enhance human intellect and physiology. Transhumanist thinkers study the potential benefits and dangers of emerging technologies that could overcome fundamental human limitations as well as the ethical limitations of using such technologies. The most common transhumanist thesis is that human beings may eventually be able to transform themselves into different beings with abilities so greatly expanded from the current condition as to merit the label of posthuman beings. The contemporary meaning of the term "transhumanism" was foreshadowed by one of the first professors of futurology, FM-2030, who taught "new concepts of the human" at The New School in the 1960s, when he began to identify people who adopt technologies, lifestyles and worldviews "transitional" to posthumanity as "transhuman". The assertion would lay the intellectual groundwork for the British philosopher Max More to begin articulating the principles of transhumanism as a futurist philosophy in 1990, and organizing in California an intelligentsia that has since grown into the worldwide transhumanist movement. Influenced by seminal works of science fiction, the transhumanist vision of a transformed future humanity has attracted many supporters and detractors from a wide range of perspectives, including philosophy and religion" - transhumanism, by wikipedia
Transsexualism
Trust
Truth Telling as Constitutive of Journalism
Undercover investigations, Ethics of
Use of Historical Evidence in Medical Ethics
Utilitarianism
Vegetarianism
Veterinary
Medical Ethics
Victimless crimes
Violence in Films and Television
Virtue ethics
Warfare, Codes of
Welfare Policies
Whistle-blowing
Wildlife Conservation
Women's Rights
Workplace
ethics: Issues for human service professionals in the
New Millennium
Xenotransplantation
Zoos and Zoological Parks
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