はじめによんでください

文化的多元主義

multiculturalism, Cultural pluralism

解説:池田光穂

文化的多元主義、あるいは、文化多元主義(Cultural pluralism) は、多元的文化主義あるいはマルチカルチャリズム(multiculturalism) とも呼ばれる——下記の説明(ウィキペディアからの引用では「マルチカルチャリズム(多文化主義)」と文化的多元主義は異なる[ものもある]と主張される)。その違いは、文化多元主義(Cultural pluralism) は、大きな支配的な社会のなかに、より小さな(少数の、と、ヘゲモニーが十分でない という2つの意味がある)社会と文化的価値基準の共存を認め、複数の法的整備や教育を整備する政治的政策やイデオロギーをこのように呼ぶか らである。文化多元主義を「マルチカルチャリズム」とは異ると主張する人は、後者=「マルチカルチャリズム」には、大きな支配的な社会が、少数派に対して法や教育を、パターナリズムに基づいて実施するという発想がなく、それぞれの文化はお互いに対等であるという、強い文化相対主義の 立場に立つと説明するものである。大きな支配的な社会が、少数派に対して法や教育を、パターナリズムに基づいて実施することができるのは、あくまでも、支 配権を行使した上で、その支配構造を崩壊させることなく、少数派を「管理可能」な状態にするものだという、批判的ニュアンスがある。そのような批判を投げ かけるのは、マルチカルチャリズムの立場の立場である。なぜなら、あらゆる文化やそれを担う社会は、対等に共存すべきという考え方(=これもイデオロギーである)を後者のマルチカルチャリズムは維持するからである。それに対して、文化多元主義者は、多数派による少数派の「支配」という言葉を嫌い、調和や共存を強調する(=「調和や共存」も言うまでもなくイデオロギーである)。

"Cultural pluralism is a term used when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, whereby their values and practices are accepted by the dominant culture, provided such are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society. As a sociological term, the definition and description of cultural pluralism has evolved over time. It has been described as not only a fact but a societal goal.[1]" - Cultural pluralism.

【多元主義者の文化= luralist culture】"In a pluralist culture, groups not only coexist side by side, but also consider qualities of other groups as traits worth having in the dominant culture. Pluralistic societies place strong expectations of integration on members, rather than expectations of assimilation. The existence of such institutions and practices is possible if the cultural communities are accepted by the larger society in a pluralist culture and sometimes require the protection of the law. Often the acceptance of a culture may require that the new or minority culture remove some aspects of their culture which is incompatible with the laws or values of the dominant culture. Some pluralists such as Hamed Kazemzadeh argues that the concept of pluralist culture was prevalent since ancient times. Even the Achaemenid Empire which was founded by Cyrus the Great successfully followed a policy of incorporating and tolerating various cultures.[2]" -Pluralist culture.

【マルチカルチャリズムとの区別= Distinction from multiculturalism】"Cultural pluralism is distinct from multiculturalism, which lacks the requirement of a dominant culture. If the dominant culture is weakened, societies can easily pass from cultural pluralism into multiculturalism without any intentional steps being taken by that society. If communities function separately from each other, or compete with one another, they are not considered culturally pluralistic.[3] In 1971, the Canadian government referred to cultural pluralism, as opposed to multiculturalism, as the "very essence" of the nation's identity.[4] Cultural pluralism can be practiced at varying degrees by a group or an individual.[5] A prominent example of pluralism is 20th-century United States, in which a dominant culture with strong elements of nationalism, a sporting culture, and an artistic culture contained also smaller groups with their own ethnic, religious, and cultural norms."- Distinction from multiculturalism.

【マルチカルチャリズムの定義】"The term multiculturalism has a range of meanings within the contexts of sociology, of political philosophy, and of colloquial use. In sociology and in everyday usage, it is a synonym for "ethnic pluralism", with the two terms often used interchangeably, for example, a cultural pluralism[1] in which various ethnic groups collaborate and enter into a dialogue with one another without having to sacrifice their particular identities. It can describe a mixed ethnic community area where multiple cultural traditions exist (such as New York City or Trieste) or a single country within which they do (such as Switzerland, Belgium or Russia). Groups associated with an indigenous, aboriginal or autochthonous ethnic group and settler-descended ethnic groups are often the focus." - Multiculturalism.



Copyleft, CC, Mitzub'ixi Quq Chi'j, 1996-2099

法におけるプルーラリズムは、メンスキーによる下記を参照せよ。


Werner F. Menski, Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa, Cambridge University Press; 2 edition (28 Mar 2006)