行動科学の歴史
History of Behavioral Science
かいせつ:池田光穂
行動科学とは?
行動科学とは、人間と社会の行動に関する総合的学際研究のことである。
大塩(2003)によれば、行動科学の特徴は次の4点に集約できる。
1)分析されるべき人間観は、総合的である。
2)厳密な科学的手法を動員する。
3)法則性の発見と、それにもとづく行動予測を旨とする。
4)社会の制御や管理を目的とした技術志向がある。
History of Behavioral Science 行動科学の歴史
[Bibliography]
"The term "behavioral sciences" came into currency, one might even say into being in the U.S. in early 1950s "(p.42).
"Before 1950 the term was virtually nonexistent.
Ford foundation in late 1940s had intended the following five programs (Behavior Science Program). [ここには冷戦期における科学振興の影が色濃く落とされている]
(1) the establishment of peace,
(2) the strengthening of democracy,
(3) the strengthening of the economy,
(4) the education in a democratic society,
(5) the individual behavior and human relations.
J.G.ミラー(James G. Miller)を中心とするシカゴ大学グループでこの用語が登場する。("Toward a General Theory for the Behavioral Sciences.")
想定されていた学問領域:
人類学、生化学、生態学、経済学、遺伝学、地理学、歴史学、言語学、数学、神経学、薬学、生理学、政治学、精神医学、心理学、社会 学、統計学、動物学
In the study "committee's report appeared the term that soon became current, "the behavioral sciences", and the beginning of a fefinition to distinguish them from social sciences.
1950年 国立科学財団(National Science Foundation)が創設され、非自然科学に研究資金を導入するために行動科学の旗のもとに研究者たちが糾合したという時代背景もある。
Foundation in early 1952, B.S(?) was characterized,
(1) research,
(2) scientific approach,
(3) long-range venture,
(4) human needs,
(5) interdisciplinary approach,
(6) subject matter,
(7) contributor.
"Program Five is conceived as an effort to increase knowledge of human behavior through basic scientific research oriented to major problem areas covering a wide range of subjects, and to make such knowledge available for utilization in the conduct of human affairs "(Ford Foundation,1953:5).
Its topics
(a) political behavior, domestic and international
(b) communication
(c) values and beliefs
(d) individual growth, development and formal organization.
(e) behavioral aspects of the economic system
(f) social classes and minority groups
(g) social restrains on behavior
(h) social and cultural change.
1945 MITにグループ・ダイナミクス研究所設置。
In 1946, it was founded Department of Social Relations, in Harverd University .
In 1950, " a group of social and biological scientists at the University of Chicago began to seek a general theory of behavior under the term "behavioral sciences -- " first, because its neutral character made it acceptable to both social and biological scientist and, second, became we foresaw a possibility of someday seeking to obtein financial support from persons who might confomed social science with socialism" (Miller, 1955:513)[p.43]
Ford Foundation gave the grants of "several million dollars" on this? project.
In 1952, " Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences in Palo Alto, California" was established by the Ford Foundation. (It contained the diciplines of Anthropology, Psychology, and Sociology.)
In 1957, "the term become so firmly established that it survived the termination of the foundation's program in the behavioral science"[p.43]. And It has became a part of Social Sciences.
<Related Bibliography on Behavioral Sciences>
政治学:制度から「行動科学革命」を通して研究スタイルが、より実践的な政策科学化をとげる。
経営学:
Rensis Likert, 『経営の行動科学』『組織の行動科学』
George katona, 『消費者行動』
行為に関する社会理論の形成
グループ・ダイナミクス(レヴィン)
相互作用のカテゴリーシステム(Robert Freed Bales)
交換理論(ホーマンズ)
行為システム・社会システムモデル(パーソンズ)
統計的数理モデル
標本抽出、統計解析・検定法、ゲーム理論、一般システム論、サイバネティクス、OR、シミュレーション、データベースシステム、
<Journals>
-American Behavioral Scientist, published since 1958
-Behavioral Science, published since 1956
-Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, published since 1965
-Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, published since 1965
-Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1957-
<bibliography>
Berelson, Bernard, ed. The Behavioral Science Today. New York: Basic Books, 1963.
Festinger, Leon and Daniel Katz, ed. Resarch Methods in the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Dryden, 1953.
●Leon Festinger (1919-1989), experimental social psychologist
『認知的不協和の理論』(1957) Cognitive dissonance theory 1. An Introduction to the Theory of Dissonance 2. The Consequences of Decisions: Theory 3. The Consequences of Decisions: Data 4. The Effects of Forced Compliance: Theory 5. The Effects of Forced Compliance: Data 6. Voluntary and Involuntary Exposure to Information: Theory 7. Voluntary and Involuntary Exposure to Information: Data 8. The Role of Social Support: Theory 9. The Role of Social Support: Data on Influence Process 10. The Role of Social Support: Data on Mass Phenomena 11. Recapitulation and
Further Suggestions Festinger's seminal 1957 work integrated existing research
literature on influence and social communication under his theory of
cognitive dissonance.[56] The theory was motivated by a study of rumors
immediately following a severe earthquake in India in 1934. Among
people who felt the shock but sustained no damage from the earthquake,
rumors were widely circulated and accepted about even worse disasters
to come. Although seemingly counter-intuitive that people would choose
to believe "fear-provoking" rumors, Festinger reasoned that these
rumors were actually "fear-justifying."[57] The rumors functioned to
reduce the inconsistency of people's feelings of fear despite not
directly experiencing the effects of the earthquake by giving people a
reason to be fearful. 2. When dissonance is present, in addition to trying to reduce it, the person will actively avoid situations and information which would likely increase the dissonance.[58] Dissonance reduction can be achieved by changing cognition
by changing actions,[59] or selectively acquiring new information or
opinions. To use Festinger's example of a smoker who has knowledge that
smoking is bad for his health, the smoker may reduce dissonance by
choosing to quit smoking, by changing his thoughts about the effects of
smoking (e.g., smoking is not as bad for your health as others claim),
or by acquiring knowledge pointing to the positive effects of smoking
(e.g., smoking prevents weight gain).[60] |
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